Immigrants In Canadian School Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Immigrants In Canadian School - Research Paper ExampleThe research conducted by Ladky and Peterson (2008) has highlighted that there are successful prepare practices for both formal and informal immigrant parent involvement in their childrens school learning and academic performance, for communicating with immigrant parents and also for learning more about the languages and floriculture of their students and their families. Their research has suggested that there is a gap between the language of home and school and it remains to be a barrier to successful communication partnership. Parents, teachers, and principals should find ways to utilize mother tongue in ways that can support students English learning. Almost all of the interviewed new immigrant parents had very clear expectations that regular homework should be assigned by their childs teacher as they value homework as means of understanding whether their child is accomplishing the targets in the school days (Ladky and Peter son, 2008, p. 85). In conclusion, the first generation immigrants are relatively less do whereas the second generation is better performing than the native peers. Canada is a country built on multiculturalism ideology and therefore everyone in Canada has rights to believe in any religious, take pride of it, celebrate events etc, and same is the case with the school as well. Even though there are instances of misunderstanding between parents and teachers, the majority of immigrant parents are highly involved in school events in order to facilitate better communication.

Analysis of Recent Microeconomics Events in the United States Term Paper

Analysis of Recent Microeconomics Events in the United States - Term Paper ExampleThis paper outlines the magnitude of the influence of microeconomic trends on the overall state of American economy. Issues under consideration of micro economists interpolate from what factors impact the savings of consumers to how much firms should produce under the given circumstances.It is known that microeconomic decisions taken by individuals and organizations are influenced by considerations of cost and benefit. Costs relate to financial cost pertaining to cost of finance, such as total variable cost, opportunity cost and fixed cost. Interest place have always been an forefinger of a rudes economic status. Increase in the interest rates indicates a design of things such as the economys ability to absorb high interest rates, meaning that change magnitude interest rates imply that the central bank assumes that different entities in the country forget continue borrowing at higher interest r ates, meaning that productivity will increase and the economy will grow. Increasing interest rates also tend to reduce inflation. Interest rates in the US have continued to remain around zero, which indicates that the economy is facing difficulties in enhancing production. It is believed that change magnitude interest rates at this time will create economic complexities for the country. Consumer confidence in America is presently rattling low, which is evident from the large numbers of homes that continue to remain on sale. The country needs to focus to a greater extent strongly on issues such as consumer prices, housing market, debt subvert and interest rates. The countrys debt load continues to be massive and is growing steadily, which has depressed the economic environment and minimized growth. Whatever growth that happens is subdivision by the increasing debt, while low interest rates prevent the economy from affecting a recovery in the short run. Low interest does increase borrowings for businesses and individuals but the default rate in the US is very high almost twenty percent. Consumers are reluctant to buy new homes and select to wait and watch as they are not currently prepared to take more loans during multiplication of uncertainty, primarily because assets have the tendency to decline in value in the short term. In run its own debt, the US relies heavily upon foreign money by offering its assets such as organisation bonds to other nations. However, Americas credibility in this regard is gradually declining in view of its increasing debt. Countries such as China have begun to question the ability of the US to repay its debts. The US appears to be losing its status of a world super power because many countries have started looking elsewhere for investing. The craft situation in the US continues to deteriorate and the numbers of good jobs are consistently decreasing. The numbers of American citizens living in poverty are also increasing. Over the last few years, millions of job opportunities, thousands of businesses, and billions of dollars of the country

Employee relations and engagement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Employee relations and utilisation - Assignment Examplestly, the LOU/IS (Leisure Operatives Union for the Industrial serve) demanded several policies and strategies for the welf ar of the employees tangled in the amusement industry. Then we inquired the organisational commission in order to gain the insight on breathing situation and effects of the collective change (Bates and Weighart, 2014).We took a 5 minute break before the Cowells management responded in the dialog affect. Cowells management provided with their own set of proposals that will aid them in increasing their employee engagement and negotiation strategies. Then Leisure Operatives Union for the Industrial Services enquired their queries to the organisational members. The negotiation mathematical operation included a break of 5 minutes. Finally, the collective bargaining edge among the two parties Cowells and Leisure Operatives Union for the Industrial Services will be continued until suspension. Moreover, tota l three recesses were offered to the parties during the negotiation meeting. I observed that the group functional continued till any sort of further collective bargaining or negotiation process (Crump, 2011). On the contrary, I observed that no such bargaining or consultation communications are observed among the two sides. I have observed that second week meeting reached to the agreement.Mainly, our negotiation process will be aimed to increase the efficiency of employee engagement and employee relation policies in the Cowells amusement firm. Cowells provides amusement service in the Northern segment with the help of the M25. Natural attractions of the surroundings are increasing competition for the Cowells (Berens, 2013). We conducted the negotiation or collective bargaining process in order to maintain smooth transition. Our negotiation process included certain consideration for the virtual authenticity and knowledge and skill development in maintaining talent base of the firm.I n addition, I observed that the Cowells have higher capital liability

Unit 5 Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

building block 5 Discussion - Research Paper ExampleKarsh and Fox (2009) further denote that another beta rule is to provide a justified and a valid budget for the implementation of the program chthonian consideration. Issuing out a realistic budget allow for help the organization to know how lots money the assign seeker needs, and how the grant seeker will use this money for purposes of achieving the objectives of the organization down the stairs consideration. It is important to denote that the grant seeker is hearing for money, and failure to provide his or her budget expertness making the reviewing panel to consider the grant seeker as a person who is not grave (Raymond, 2004).The message sent is that the grant seeker is not aw atomic number 18 of how practically he or she needs, and thus, chances are high that his or her application will be rejected. Karsh and Fox (2009) further denote that a grant seeker must give out detailed information on why it is important to in vestment firm the program down the stairs consideration, and why he or she is the most capable person to get the money and use it for solving the problem at a lower place consideration. Under this section, the grant seeker must try to convince the reviewing panel that he or she has the necessary skill and expertise to carry out the job under consideration (Raymond, 2004).In using these three rules in writing a proposal, the first step will be to identify the mission and vision of my organization. After identification, the next step will be to look for an organization that specifically funds the activities that my organization will engage in. After the identification of the organization under consideration, there will be a need of carrying out a research on how much this organization gives as grants (Zunz, 2012). This will help in developing a budget that does not conquer the amount of money that this organization normally gives out as grants. My budget must also be reasonable, factoring in all the necessary expenses and costs needed to achieve my organizations objectives and

WASHINGTON CONSENSUS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

WASHINGTON CONSENSUS - Essay ExampleOnly the annual budget of Nestle grew more(prenominal) than any African country nether this globalisation of economy (Robert N. Gwynne and Cristbal Kay 1999). So the launch of these reforms in the seduce of structural adjusment programmes on the advice of IMF and earth Bank there has attracted a lot of criticism in the thirld world countries. The policies that were originally formed to give a boost to the GNPs and GDPs of the least developed and developing countries in the world.But on the contrary in most of the economies these policy presciptions have played havoc with the unemployement and poverty due to the capitalisms tantacles wide-cut spread from the first world in the light countries. The major criticism has come from latin American and ex-Soviet republics . They majorly see the capitalism as the main monster creeping in the world on the wheels of the multinalnal companies.Ultimately the buzzwords of globalization, capitalism, neo-libe ral agenda and Washington Consensus became familiar and synonymous to each other. People in the third world have been debating these wrong ever since early 1950s. Most of them argue that there is an important sense in which disagreements on the consultation and consequences of capitalistic ways of organizing frugal life actually triggered the nineteenth blow emergence of modern genial science. This disagreement in the ex socialist and some Latin states stands at the center of the twentieth century political debate on how best to organize advanced industrial societies and they remain main elements dividing capitalist societies, in former communist societies, and in whole of the under-developed... There is no denying the fact that the policy prescriptions under the Washington Consensus have widely been criticized from all around the world. This situation has basically arisen from immediate debacle of soviet republics and the transitional economies were non ready for reforms imme diately. The Latin America, south Asia and Africa were not ready as yet. Those countries that blindly adoptive these policies did not have a better taste of these policies. People reacted badly and results were not favorable politically. The economic reforms have to be adopted very prudently, slowly and gradually in all political perception by the leaders. But this is also a fact that free market economies are the order of the day. The WTO has at least now been setting favorable incentives for the least developed and underdeveloped world. The international competition cannot be beaten by mere agitation from the third world. The reform in the production process and deference with the ISO certifications and intellectual property rights has to be complied with all the countries in the world equally. However the safety nets for the protection of poorest of the poor people have to be provided by the respective governments. It is still widely believed that growth in GDPs is not vastly trickling down to the poor segments of society. Corruption in the developing countries is rampant and rich elite is taking the advantages of new reforms. Poor have to be defended any way.

Portfolio of Seven Case Briefs on Different Business Law Topics Essay

Portfolio of Seven Case Briefs on Different Business Law Topics - Essay congressmanReeder-Simco is a business entity that acts as a Volvo star in Fort Smith, Arkansas. In February of 2000, it filed suit against Volvo on the allegation that its (Reeders) sales and profits declined due to Volvos price discrimination practices.Reeder-Simco alleges that Volvo offered to other dealers price concessions that were importantly more favorable than those given to Reeder-Simco. Thus, it filed suit against Volvo for allegedly violating the Robinson-Patman Act (RPA), which prohibits forms of discriminatory pricing that reduce competition.On this basis, Reeder explained that its business is conducted in the following manner retail customers take bids from dealers who solicit price concessions from the manufacturers. These concessions are factored into dealers bids. Reeder accuses Volvo of offering better price concessions to other Volvo dealers bidding for different customers, directly resulting in Reeder pitiable losses.The District Court District Court allowed the case to go to a jury, who held in favor of Reeder and awarded damages. Volvo appealed the decision, tilt a lack of competition was present, which is required by the RPA to apply. Volvo substantiated its contention stating that Reeder was not actually bidding against the Volvo dealers who purportedly were given favorable concessions. The appellate court dismissed the appeal, ruling that even though Volvo dealers do not actually bid against each other, they effectively competed at the same functional level.

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Maslows Hierarchy of ineluctably - Essay ExampleThese two levels, according to Maslow are closely related to each other. While adore/belonging generally refers to emotionally-based relationship such as family and friends and safety needs concerns security and order in home and in the clearplace.From Maslows perspective on human needs for recognition reward in the workplace, large number will not need any sort of material reward if they themselves feel satisfied near the job they have done. In some organizations, an extrinsic reward system may not work because one of its main tenets is providing material rewards (i.e. bonus, gift checks, movie passes) just to persuade an individual to perform break down in his work. Its not sustainable if you withdrew the reward, the motivation disappears (DAusilio, What Motivates). DAusilio also writes in that it is hurts the intrinsic and removes their innate desire to do it in his own (What

The German Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The German - Essay ExampleGerman cities argon characterized by beautiful forests that purify the environment, which would another(prenominal)wise be close due to the high level of industrialization. The trees sequester the green house gases emitted by industries and automobiles while on the other hand give cities such as Frankfurt fabulous scenery (Tomalin, 59). On the contrary, cities in the States be characterized by sprawling sky scrappers with no forest cover in their neighborhood. Besides the drop of attractiveness that would be derived from forests surrounding cities like New Yolk, the green house gases emitted from the industries and automobiles are released in to the environment, thereby posing imminent danger associated with climate change (Mendelsohn, 66).In Germany, Christmas is a special day for a person to meet with members of the immediate family. This helps in maintaining strong bonds between members of a nuclear family by concourse to address their common needs. In contrast, Christmas in America is thought to be an occasion for the extended family, which leaves humble room for the immediate family members who might have common problems (Tomalin, 60).The mandatory church tax in Germany is queer because it promotes the involvement of churches in charitable activities that are meant to meat to provide do-gooder services. This ensures that the needs of the populace are taken care of by each person who associates him/herself with religion. On the other hand, such practices are particular(prenominal) in America and hence the government has a difficult task of meeting all the humanitarian needs during crisis (Tomalin, 62).Germans are good at building strong friendships that last long. They value friendship than the Americans and are able separate friendship matters from work related issues. The Germans value private life while on the other hand they are hard working, which is the reason that

Making Meaning- English Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Making Meaning- English Language - Essay Exampleognitive approaches are more apposite to trace the crucial but slight changes in the notions of a word and therefore, all-inclusive to encapsulate maximum circumference of the meaning. Cognitive approaches always consider a language as a living object that ultimately yields relative meaning in relation to its environments and context. Therefore semantic comment is to be explained from the reality of an object and how the human brain processes the information it receives by using a serial publication of very specific cognitive mechanisms (Jaen 2). Indeed there have been umteen studies and theories on Semantics or the demand of the meaning of speech communication and structures. The concept of the signifier and the signified forms the basis of the derivation of meaning for each words or structures. The fact that a single signifier can have one or many signified adds to the complexity of the process of meaning derivation. Some studie s have proved that there is a stuffy relation between the sound pattern and the linguistic pattern of a devoted word or structure.There are linguists who argue that the meaning of a word is closely related to the perception take aim or the cognitive level of collar and experiences of the hearer. The prototype theory holds that the process of attributing meaning to a given word or structure is principled and depends on the real world attributes of what is perceived, and also upon the characteristics of the perceptual utensil itself (Johnson 12). One needs to differentiate and contrast the attributes of the perceived images with the other images to make this process of meaning derivation.In fact, the prototypes (the most representative members of a category) is linked with the cultural models that shape ones perceptions and association representation and therefore each perceived image or experience serve as prototypes for understanding real-world experiences (Holland and Quinn 2 2). The authors hold that there is a

Operation Management, LP-Liner Programming- Graduate Business school Assignment

Operation Management, LP-Liner Programming- Graduate Business school - Assignment ExampleIt necessitates the delegatement of insufficient resources on the basics of a specific standard of optimality (Robbins & Tuntiwongpiboon, 1989 Lorraine, Alain, & Dominique, 2006) and (Megiddo, 1991).In this connection I would homogeneous to provide an analysis of the use of the linear programming techniques and tools for the purposes of hospital management. While considering the prospective reduction in cost and effective operations of the hospital resources, hospitals are confident enough to improve services as well as management of human resources, especially in the department of running(a) suite. This report is red to present the working of the tools and techniques of the linear programming for the anesthesiology nurse scheduling riddle (ANSP) for a hospital of the cut public. The basic purpose of application of the linear programming techniques and tools at the anesthesiology nurses is sue is to better manage and assign the most of public resources among different departments (Lorraine, Alain, & Dominique, 2006 Robbins & Tuntiwongpiboon, 1989).The major area creating problem for which the methods and tools of linear programming are organism applied is the working nature of hospital that is based on the cross way over surgical specialties as well as presume a range of activities. So here another problem existing is the effective provision of resources. Here major resources are shared and needed to be allocated in a better way (Lorraine, Alain, & Dominique, 2006 Robbins & Tuntiwongpiboon, 1989).So the techniques and tools formed on the basis of liner programming arrive at absolutely provided a solution of these problems into two different ways. For the solution of the problem related to ANSP overall emplacement is programmed in the integer programming as well as constraint programming. Here the implementation of these solutions is think to maximize the equality o f the schedule and allocation (Lorraine,

Paleontology and molecular biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paleontology and molecular biology - Essay grammatical caseIt is in this regard that fossils must be cited in providing the present generation a unique luck to know evolutionary history and help scientists or interested groups in preserving some combinations of primitive and observed characteristics of living things that are non-existence in extant taxa. Fossils, therefore, are very critical in documenting the character alteration sequences over a long period of time that cannot be achieved in modern times by the lone use of molecular data.The integration of fossil and molecular data has been well established in the book of Neil Shubin Your Inner Fish A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body. It all started with the discovery in 2004 by Shubin, Ted Daeschler, and Dr. Farish A. Jenkins, Jr. in the Arctic of the fossil of a fish, which they named Tiktaalik. The emergence of Tiktaalik fossil from the rock was a beautiful intermediate between fish and land-living animals (Shubin 22). Tiktaalik has a shoulder, elbow, and wrist composed of the same bones as an upper arm, forearm, and wrist in a human (39).Tiktaalik was just the beginning of the evolution of creatures living in water to land-living animals. It was just the tip of the iceberg, so to speak. With fossils, experiments cannot be done to reach a conclusion. Enter the habit of the genes. To understand the difference of each cell in the body, it is imperative to understand the genetic switches that control the exercise of genes in each cell and tissue (46). Experiments can be performed wherein the genes can be manipulated to see how bodies rattling change in response to different conditions or stimuli (47).The discovery of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) in the 50s and 60s by biologists Edgar Zwilling and John Saunders (49) and the Sonic hedgehog in the 90s by Cliff Tabin, Andy MacMahon and Phil Ingham (52) contributed to the role of genes in the evolutionary development. ZPA was creditworthy for the

U07d1 Statistics and Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U07d1 Statistics and Information - judge ExampleRegression differs from correlation - which establishes whether there is any association between two variables (Chatterjee and Hadi, p. 24). In the typesetters subject field of health care industry, this analysis has a major role and is used in several divergent aspects like the study of diabetic indicators. This method has been used in order to examine the kinds between diametric medical issues like family pressure and diabetes and other possible issues.Correlation analysis Correlation refers to the compass point of association between two variables. When two variables are said to be correlated, it indicates that there is a relationship or a pattern in the movement of the two variables. However, correlation does not indicate causation, i.e., the prepare of movement of the variable. In other words, when two variables of correlated, it does not necessarily mean that the change in unrivaled variable is responsible or is the caus e of change in the other variable (Downing and Clark, 178). In the case of health care industry, correlation analysis can be used to learn the differences between the percentage change of the visceral AT and also the changes in terms of the changes in the AT (Cowel, 2007).T- canvass This is a test that helps in addressing the issues of credibility. Here the process is very simple where the mean values for the groups are divided by the dispersion of the differences and the results are the T Test ratio. Considering the health care industry, it is important to note that this method has a major role in the health care and is one of the best ways to bring come to the fore the incorrect and wrong claims (Downing & Clark, 2010). For instance the claims that a certain food or medicine brings down the blood sugar of a person. This can be tested by the t tests and helps attain a sincere response of the effectiveness of the food or drug. (Horton, 2009)Analysis of variance This is one of th e statistical methods to

How do you react Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How do you react - Essay ExampleTeachers commonly drop a line a descriptive narrative of each childs cognitive and social growth (Brualdi). I remember that in my very early years in school, I specially looked forward to getting a trail whenever I submitted any work for the teacher to check. Specially in Math, I had a star on every page. In order to maintain this honor, I would work even harder so that I great power not miss a star on any of the pages. Those stars served as a big arising of motivation for me. I felt pleased and encouraged. I would proudly show them to my fellow class twain and peers. Many years have passed since then, but I am just as sensitive to my teachers compose comments on my work as I ever was. As I stated before, my academic get into has always been very good, so poor comments have been extremely rare for me. However, if I ever pass along to get bad comments, I take them as a lesson to judge my performance so that I can raise it to the level where the comments become nice. Teachers comments are of primary importance to me and I usually intent them to make my writing better. Works cited Brualdi, Amy. Teacher comments on report cards. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, vol. 6. no. 5. 1998. .

Greenhouse effect and global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Greenhouse effect and globular heating plant - Essay ExampleThere has been a considerable increase in the average temperature of commonwealth in the past century. This rise in temperature is attributed to the effects of global warming brought about by the compendium of h unityy oilhouse gases in the atmosphere. This phenomenon is called orbiculate Warming. (In the news, Global Warming.org).The global warming has happened in the past few eld and is evident from the rise in consider temperature of the earths atmosphere. The main causes for the global warming are attributed to release of green house gases by human activities. The main gases contributing to green house effect are degree Celsius dioxide, water vapor, methane and nitrous oxide. The self-aggrandizingst producers of these gases are the thermal power plants, which burn the fossil fuels and produce these gases in large quantities. The second biggest sources of these green house gases are the road vehicles and industr ies. The global warming has led to increase in mean earth surface temperature and thus extending of polar ice. There are frequent melt down of glaciers that result in floods and other natural calamities. The melting of ice at the poles had led the mean sea level. And supercharge increase in temperature may further melt the ice and lead to further increase in mean sea level, which will engulf low lying countries. (Global Warming facts, Global Warming.org).HOT (or warm) TOPIC as AlwaysWell, Global warming has always been in news for both(prenominal) time around due to several factors (including comical) and was even referred in the Daryl Cargle cartoon Global chaos-Halloween 2008 as one of the demons in the Halloween night who scare todays population. On the contrary this principle has been exploited so skillfully by ecologic scare-mongers that it is now regarded as politically incorrect, even unscientific, to denounce global warming hysteria as unproven speculation. In his latest exciting and provocative techno-thriller State of Fear, Michael Crichton exposes a scintillating revelation, regarding the way ecological groups have twisted data and facts to create mass anxiety. He points out that we know astonishingly smaller about the environment. All sides make exaggerated claims. We know that atmospheric carbon is increasing. We are also in the midst of a natural warming trend that started in 1850 at the end of what is called the Little scratch Age. It is scientifically impossible to prove whether the subsequent warming is natural or man-made. Greens say, rightly, that the best scientific assessment today is that global warming is occurring. Yet never in history have scientists accurately predicted what will happen 100 years later. A century ago no scientists predicted the internet, microwave ovens, TV, thermonuclear explosions or antibiotics. It is impossible, even stupid, to predict the distant future. That scientific truth is rarely mentioned. Why Becau se the global warming movement has now become a multi-billion dollar business with thousands of jobs and millions in funding for NGOs and think-tanks, top jobs and prizes for scientists, and abundant media coverage for predictions of disaster. Something worth a laughThe Discovery channel recently produced a documentary on Greenlands alleged melting glaciers. Oh boy Here we go again with Global Warming. Its

Modelo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modelo - analyze ExampleModelos expansion schema was made possible through its strategic alliance with its cardinal main distributors Bartisor and grambrinus, experienced, creative and knowledgeable subsidiaries with knowledge about local customers in the US market. This strategy ensured that the peril of increase in taxes is hedged. These distributors were delegated with all the value chain processes of the activities except production which was being carried out the upgrade firm, Group Modelo back in Mexico. They had autonomous control on decisions regarding the marketing, insurance, transportation and creatively marketing captains, from which a campaign that leapfrogged the Grupo Modelos sales emanated from in 1986.As pointed out in the report, wine is more competitory in Italy and Ireland unlike beer. Therefore, it will have an opportunity to attempt to enter these foreign markets by two mergers and acquisition from the local importers and distributors. They ca also adopt other strategic alliances with highly expertise- mature companies in this countries. It can be pointed out that, for the company to stand tall, it needs, a sharper differentiation, identifying and focusing on the aboriginal marketing that region and developing a creative Marketing development as a strategy

Stephen Colbert on American Jobs Essay Example for Free

Stephen Colbert on Ameri tummy Jobs EssayThey dress from affairs to energy to healthc are, and of course, they are all written in a satirical sense. In the second chapter, Colbert and his writers talk active ancestrys in the States. They discuss the problem of jobs be shipped overseas to countries manage India and China and Colbert puts forth his solutions to the problems, which mostly include setting up sw finishshops in America.He also dialogue about job interviews and how to be successful at them. Colbert and his staff of writers theatrical role a wide range of comic techniques in the book as a whole and in the chapter on jobs to satirize the American culture and government. One comic technique Colbert uses in the jobs chapter is reduction. Reduction is essentially belittling or degrading someone. Near the beginning of the chapter, there is a picture of Barack Obama beingness captioned as pry Carter.While Jimmy Carter was a decent president and numerous historians agree that he didnt do anything bad, he is widely remembered for not doing much of anything during his one marches as president except failing to get the Americans that were being held hostage in Iran out safely. Barack Obama has a similar record of inactivity in his first term, so the book captions Obama as Carter to essentially say that Obama didnt do much in his first term as president.Throughout the chapter and the whole book, Colbert and his writers use pictures to their advantage. This is a parking lot technique in satire because its easy to get your message across using pictures. They are unremarkably fairly simple, quick to notion at, and easy to understand the meaning of. Colbert also uses caricatures to his advantage in the chapter on jobs. A caricature is usually some sort of picture of the person or group being satirized with their more unsightly features being greatly exaggerated. It is a common technique use by satirists.Near the beginning of the chapter, there is a picture of an Indian woman going through the Kama Sutra exercises, a very old series of exercises apply to strengthen the body and mind, while on the job(p) at a call center. Through this picture, Colbert is talking about the problem of American jobs being shipped overseas. He also has a picture of a howler scamp produced Bobo running a human resources department at a company. There is a common stamp against human resources departments for not doing much work and making the employees constitutes difficult.The howler monkey is supposed to represent the HR department because it would be impossible to work with a monkey. Bobo even goes so far as to eat an employees paperwork, the equivalent of an HR department losing your paperwork. While pictures are of great use in satire, wrangle can be just as effective if used properly. One technique Colbert and his writers use is burlesque, or the treating of a serious matter in a joking or flippant way. Burlesque is used throughout the chapter, but is used the most in the part about job interviews.Job interviews are extremely important, for they can rat the difference between being hired for a job and not getting a job. In our current economy, interviews have become even more important because mess are often in dire need of employment. Colbert devotes several pages to telling readers how to conduct a nigh(a) interview. He tells the reader how many handshakes they should give, proper dress, and even how to appeal to the interviewer. Colbert also says to repeat the interviewers name many times.He says Make a point of repeating your interviewers name as many times as possible as soon as you hear it (Colbert 44). Colbert is essentially saying that by repeating the interviewers name, youre flattering them, a common technique used by job seekers in interviews. Colbert satirizes the interview process as whole because he sees it as a joke and formality. He believes, and many forget agree with him, that getting a job d epends on flattery and connections with the interviewer. A twenty-five percent technique used by Colbert in the jobs chapter is reductio ad absurdum.This technique involves the satirist feign to press the side of the person or group he or she is mocking in an attempt to hike humiliate their subject. In the chapter, Colbert pretends to support sweatshops and shipping jobs overseas. He even goes so far as to suggest putting sweatshops in America and disbanding unions. In one of Colberts truth punches he says The minimum pay ruined the proud American tradition of the sweatshop. You start paying American workers a minimum wage, the following(a) thing you know theyre demanding air-conditioning and less flammable shirtwaist materials (Colbert 30).The conditions he describes are very common in sweatshops around the world and are obviously a huge health and safety hazard. However, they make manufacturing cheaper and the lack of labor laws allows them to force their employees to work i n the aforementioned conditions. Colbert pretends to support these views because by doing so he can make fun of them more effectively. Also, he highlights the extreme working conditions because by doing so, he can show the absurdity of both sweatshops and the argument for them.He can pretend to support horrible working conditions and still be viewed as humorous because everyone knows that those conditions are inhumane. One characteristic of satire that Colbert and his writers use in the jobs chapter is obscenity. At the beginning, he makes fun of the Rosie the Riveter, a common figure for female empowerment during World state of war II. He describes Rosie as Historys most thinly veiled lesbian-I have worked hard to catch ones breath ignorant of whatever depraved act riveting is (Colbert 21).He also talks about Alan Greenspans scrotum and puts in a picture of it. The obscenity does not really have any purpose in satirizing Americans and their jobs. Its there mostly for the sake of making the reader laugh and want to continue. Exaggeration is comfortably one of the most common, if not the most common, characteristics of satire. The chapter and the book as a whole are make full with exaggerations of varying amounts. He uses a quote of Ayn Rands, which says Any man using the words of another is an inconceivable parasite worthy of contempt and death (Colbert 25).Obviously Ayn Rand never said this its a quite an extreme thing to say and would have damaged her credibility. Colbert uses exaggeration in this instance to satirize Rands views of the working American. She is widely known for being a conservative and scorning Americans who dont work and live off of the benefits of society. Colbert also uses this quote as an opportunity to take another swing at the Republicans. By making fun of a popular conservative, he is, by association, making fun of conservatives as a whole.The style of satire that Colbert and his writers use is a monologue. In a monologue, the s atirist speaks from behind a mask. In America Again, Colbert is the narrator, and he uses this position to satirize more freely. By staying as himself, he can use the persona he has on his tv show, and he doesnt need to spend time creating a character to speak through. This is also advantageous when using the reductio ad absurdum technique because most readers will already know that he doesnt really support the side hes pretending to be on, and they can appreciate the comedy more.The chapter on jobs was very amusing and did a good job of satirizing American jobs and Americans views on jobs. He satirizes how Americans preach the need to bring jobs back to America from countries like India and China, but no one is willing to lose money by investing in more expensive American workers.

The High Dropout Rate for College Students Essay Example for Free

The tall Drop out(a) Rate for College Students EssayEvery adept should believe that our education is crucial being that this would actuates the amplitude of progress of an individuals civil and industrial contentment. You outhouset tell me one specific person who would not desire to have a degree under their belt along with attaining a very high paying job in the future. What a lot of plurality fail to realize is that prior to accomplishing a degree, and reaping the benefits, stroke as well as m all different problems has to be conquered first. These same adversities and problems atomic number 18 the leading causes wherefore most college students were and are equable unable to graduate and they just give up and exonerateout. That is because when starting teachdays they male parentt prepare themselves for these things so when they come along the most inconsiderable thing for them to do is give up. The cause of students dropping out of college is not entirely the stude nts indiscretion solely but comparatively with different circumstantial and social elements.Overall dropping out of college is a capacious issue for many another(prenominal) people today and in this paper I leave alone discuss the many causes why thither are high dropout rates and the remedies there is to empower us to finish (www. solutionsforamerica. org). umteen undergraduates find that college is not exactly what they thought it would be and that definitely includes me. In my opinion as Im sure any separate college student would agree, whether they be young or old is that there is a lot much(prenominal) reading, studying, you have greater expectations that you have to fulfill and of course the work is overmuch harder.Many people can testify to the fact that the workload is a bit much compared to what we were employ to doing back in high school. The whole idea of having to read a whole lot therefore having to sit and listen to lectures and arrive ats notes believe it o r not s palms a lot of people my sister was one of them which is the tenability why she dropped out her first time around. Some people have a neediness of self control and balancing the new work load with their so called social lives isnt what they real indigence to do.Some students are used to the high school teachers staying on top of them for the works that need to be done, but when you are in college you get a list which is called a syllabus for each class with all the as condensements that demand to be done and when they are due. When you dont have any motivation to push you, this can be one of the very originators why many person dropout of college. Its explicit that one of the reasons why the dropout rates for college students is so high is they financially just cannot do it. Yes there is the excerption of financial aid but there are many rules and regulations behind it.For instance I cherished to attend college right after I got my GED in 2006 but because my grandm other did not want to sign any papers for me or give any of her information I was not allowed to. I had to bet until I was of age to be considered an independent student to apply for my FAFSA and be eligible. There are a lot of low income families where they have to work in order to survive because they have large families and sledding to just isnt what is in their interest. Tuition for college can be very expensive and if you cant get a impart they paying for it will be a headache.My sister attends Mercy College and her charge is almost $9000 a semester and thats not even including books, possible school supplies or any other charges (Krystal Berry). Some students dont get enough financial aid and are forced to drop out because they cant get any loans or find a job that will cover the remaining balance. Most of the time they are unaware of the other options that they have but I will speak on that later on in my essay about the things that can be done to help people in these dif ferent situations.Attending college is no walk in the lay and there will be many hurdles, hardships, trials and tribulations along the way but we just have to iron through it and not let our finances by any means hold us back. Studies image that most students who enter into the ninth grade wont graduate with their peers four years later. The reason being is because many of those same children live in these in these under privileged areas and most of them cant read better than a third grade level.A lot of things showed that because these students cant read past the third grade level they have a higher chance of dropping out of high school and never name it to college. The high dropout rates in college and the dropout rates in high school have a lot to do with each other in more ways than we think. There a lot of things that advocate that the students are not being supported in any way in their education and honestly thats sad. Most people in those areas scoff the young people to get a job instead of making them understand that if they stay in school and do well that when they finish they can get an even igher pay. These students arent prepared for whats to come in high school, let alone are able to survive enough to make it to graduation and then into college. There are these programs called the GPS-NYC and STEPS that work with these students. The GPS-NYC (Graduate, Prepare, and Succeed) helps ninth grade students with a biography of chronic absenteeism graduate on time and ready for college. GPS works to significantly improve educational outcomes throughout New York City through a program policy proposition.STEPS (Supporting Transitions from Early Education to ordinary Schools) wishes to better early grade literacy by ensuring that a childs learning and development needs are perpetually met in the first eight years of life. The point is to help bridge the gaps amongst pre-school and elementary schools (www. unitedwaynyc. org/education). I think with th ese programs it has helped these students continue on to get a better education it starts from young. A majority of the people that dropout of college just dont go to class they party all dark and sleep all day.They have the mentality that going to class is a waste of time they dont feel the need to study because in high school they didnt have to and still passed. Most people are just not prepared for whats to come in school which is a horrible thing. A lot of high schools reassure the students that they are preparing them for the college life but in actuality arent even coming close to what they need to be taught. I think that when entering in college for your first year you should have a guidance counselor to somewhat guide and counsel you.though there are some student advisors that may act as counselors because they truly do care about the students they have other things to do. When in high school it should be required for all students to take at least(prenominal) two college l evel course and if they did exceptionally well then some attribute will be received for it. Its the lack of interest that is the reason why now more than ever the high dropout rates are kind of increasing. Financial reason is the number one reason why there is a high dropout rate in college and I dont whop about any other school or state but there are many options.You can either get financial aid or even get a loan from the bank if your credit is good or you can get a co-signer. There are definite programs that if you qualify for you will get funding some kind of funding to help you with school. Most people have the mentality that they have to take four classes at a time when in public you really dont have to. Many individuals can afford to pay for at least one class with some serious sacrifices but they dont want to shell out the money for it if its not financial aid paying for it then they dont want to do it which is a shame.We all should at least take one class if possible to block from staying out for so long. Smaller classes, better communication, and increase supervision are some things that can encumber the high dropout rate in college. If there were a lot more good teachers who keep the classes kindle and parents were more involved that would make it a lot easier. Most parents kind of forget about their children and are not as active in their lives when they go to college especially if they go away (www. dosomething. org). .

Media on Gender Essay Example for Free

Media on Gender EssayMedia is a reflection of the attitudes on gender that the order exhibits and at the same time it plays a aim in determining and pedagogics gender conduct. It is the role of the media to gather information and order it to society this is the medias job (Hubpages Inc. n. p. ). If he/she sees that the society from a certain geographic location accepts gays and lesbians then this is what it will report (Hubpages Inc.n. p. ). He or she may articulate what he or she witnessed through technologies including radio, newspaper, television, and internet and if he or she mete outs such information utilizing the last trine aforementioned wherein in photos and videos may be attached as well then all the more than that it clearly illustrates how the society reacts about gender issues (Hubpages Inc. n. p. ).Meanwhile, it also plays a role in determining and teaching gender behavior because the people who get to watch what he or she articulated through some(prenomina l) technologies will interpret it (Hubpages Inc. n. p. ). This interpretation now will depend upon how the media presented the information (Hubpages Inc. n. p. ). Was there bias on the presentation of facts? Were the two sides shown to the people? Is there a conflict of interest? All the answers to these questions will put up largely since the society now will conclude based on that alone (Hubpages Inc.n. p. ). Very clearly, the media is a reflection of the attitudes on gender that the society exhibits and at the same time it plays a great role in determining and teaching gender behavior because its their primary job to gather and share information and because they also have weaknesses in presenting the facts they gathered (Hubpages Inc. n. p. ).Work CitedHubpages Inc. Mass Media Influence on Society. 2008. n. a. 23 November 2008. http//hubpages. com/hub/Mass-Media-Influence-on-Society

Airborne Express case study Essay Example for Free

blood lineborne register case study Essay courseborne Express, an air emit transportation company has succeeded to compete with a few big competitors such as national Express and United Parcel Service (UPS) even it does not set out funding as a good deal as its competitors. In 1996, it held third position in the industry with 9 percent of the market. Even mobile is smaller size company compared to its main competitors, it still bath survive with the competitory advantage through and through its resources and capabilities. With some unique resources and core competences, a company may have private-enterprise(a) advantage oer its competitors, and this is the way small capital company equal to(p) to compete with its competitors. Airborne Express is the first and solo air express transportation company that owns an aerodrome. Because of the limited control, Airborne has buyd an airline at Wilmington in 1980. Since then, the airport became the hub of the company, and all the operations of the company were conducted here. It is likewise the biggest privately owned airport in United States. With the ownership of the airport, Airborne is able to control the operations more easily. Besides that, Airborne does not need to gestate for any landing or run fees to the airlines company like its competitors. Comparably, federal Express and UPS own the planes just now still need to lease the airport from former(a) party. It helps Airborne to save a lot of costs. isolated from that, Wilmington airport is one of the strategic airports in United States. It means that the place is having a well prevail record. For express air transportation industry, weather is a big grammatical constituent that can affect the day-to-day business operation. If the weather is bad, the shipments will not be sent to the final destination at the promised time. succession is the promise to the customers and it does affect the confidence of a companys customers.Besides airline s, Airborne also has a complete dodging of ground transportation. With the establishment of trucking hubs in some places, Airborne able to deliver the shipment that rough to the hub using the ground transport. Almost 25 percent of the companys domestic volume is dealt with ground transport. However, the cost of service by ground transport is not transparent to the customers who assume that the boxs are flown. Thus, the charge is same with the air-transported goods. equalise to air transport, ground transportation costs five times lower. From here, the profit marginhas been increased. In the other way, the company also can offer lower price for ground transportation packages. Instead of devising more profit, the company can utilize the low cost benefit to compete with its competitors.In 1996, Airborne Express owned a fleet of 105 aircraft. To keep the capital expenditure down, Airborne has purchased all used planes. The planes will be modified to suit its specification for air express transportation. The cost of purchase and modification is $30million lower than purchasing a new plane. Compare to other companies, a big count of money is being rescue by Airborne. Further more, Airbornes DC-9 and YS-11 aircraft require further two person cockpit clump compared to normal three person crews required in Federal Express and UPS. Labour cost has been saved again. Airborne also have its own maintenance facility in Wilmington. It is the only all-cargo carrier to do so. It can handle most if the maintenance works except major engine repairs. It was estimate that the working class costs of $16 per hour is $49 lesser than the subcontracted labour cost. It was a major source of one-year cost savings.Instead of serving all kinds of customers, Airborne decided to focus on serving the necessitate of high volume corporate accounts. It is because the bare competition and the cost of serving small customers. The company is able to establish scheduled pickup routes a nd use it as ground capacity more efficiently. Due to this factor, the unit of measurement cost structure has been reduced. According to the Airborne executives, their unit cost is $3 lower than its main competitor, Federal Express. Besides that, because of the different consumer behaviors between different groups, the focusing of the service is one of the ways to win a part of market in severe competition. By matching the needs of the groups, the company will have a better chance to win the customers than its competitors.Another aspects that Airborne go far competitive advantage is the humankind of the only privately certified Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ) in United States at its Wilmington hub. In a FTZ, merchandise is tax-free and no customs duty is paid until it leaves. It is a big haulage to the foreign companies. The companies can keep their inventories in Wilmington hub, and the inventorieswill be delivered to the destination by Airborne when needed. The topical anaesthetic c ompanies that implement Just-In-Time policy will prefer the service very much. It is because the inventories cost will bear by the suppliers that keep inventories in Airborne hub. For foreign companies, not only can satisfy the needs of local anesthetic customers, but also can save the cost of tax and duty paid. The FTZ is a good factor that will help Airborne to set foot into the international market. However, because of the capital constraint, Airborne still unable to compete with Federal Express and UPS in the international market.Normally, large sizes A-containers are used in the air cargo business. Around $1million per plane is required to install cargo doors to take A-containers. To solve the problem, Airborne has certain C-containers that are six times smaller, and can fit through the passenger doors of the aircraft. The equipment to load the C-containers also active 80 percent less expensive than the equipment needed for A-containers. The shape of C-containers also design ed to allow supreme utilisation of the plane space. To prevent other competitors copy the design, Airborne has taken out the patent on the C-containers. Therefore, C-containers seem to be the speciality of Airborne Express. It helps the company to save a lot of costs. It is a commodious term cost savings because it involves in daily operation. Therefore, it also a long term competitive advantage everywhere the other competitors.Apart from that, through its subsidiary company, Advanced Logistics Services Corp., Airborne is promoting a range of third-party logistics service. It provides customers with the ability to maintain inventories in a 1 million square foot line of reasoning exchange facility located in Wilmington hub. The customers can choose to manage the inventories themselves or subcontract to Airborne. In ancestry exchange service, third party will involve in the instruction for movement of the inventories.It easier the abut of the movement of inventories, and also he lp the customers to minimise inventory holding costs. Airborne is the first and only air express transportation company that provide this unique service. It actually involves a complex frame. Therefore, knowledge or human resource is very important in order to develop the system. Since it is the only company, customers who interestedwith the stock exchange service will come to Airborne. The unique competence gives Airborne a competitive advantage. comprehension and technology is developing rapidly in the world. Information system becomes more and more important in the business world. The more developed system a company has, the more competitive advantage it gets. Airborne uses three information systems to help in its daily operation. LIBRA II system is a metering stratagem and computer software that easier the transaction between Airborne and customers. It also lowers Airbornes operating costs. FOCUS is the main system provided by Airborne and it benefits customers the most.It is a worldwide tracking system that help the customers to track the location their package through Internet link. It increases the companys reliability and service quality. With the trust on the company, customers will be more sure-footed to give the job. The third system is the Customer Linkage electronic entropy interchange program. It eliminates repetitive data entry and paperwork by the customers. It also a system that created purposely to benefit its customers. The company also benefits from big(p) the costs by eliminating manual data entry.From all the resources and capabilities mentioned above, we could realise that most of the competitive advantages Airborne has over its competitors is through costs reduction. According to Porters Generic Strategies Model, Airborne is actually implemented a cost-focus strategy to get the competitive advantage. Because of the lesser capital, Airborne is unable to compete with the giant of the industry, such as Federal Express and UPS. If Airbo rne can be the cost leader in the industry, it can give a severe competition to the competitors. Besides that, the unique resources such as C-containers and Foreign Trade Zone are also giving core competences to the company.In conclusion, facing the competition from competitors that have powerful funding, Airborne not only can survive, but also get a strong position in the air express transportation industry. A correct and suitable strategy adopted by a company can change the company position. A company, which can fully and smartly utilise its resources and capabilities, it can havecompetitive advantage over the other competitors and it really benefits the company a lot.

Four Elements of Transformational Leadership Essay Example for Free

Four Elements of Transformational lead EssayOrganizations emphasize the concept of leadership in training managers or group leaders to propel a team or the organization forward. Within leadership, the effectiveness of the transformational versus transactional leader is often debated. Transactional leadership relies more on a give and take understanding, whereby subordinates have a sense of duty to the leader in exchange for some reward. Transformational leadership, on the other hand, involves a committed relationship between the leader and his followers. In 1985, industrial psychologist Bernard Bass identified and wrote ab prohibited four basic elements that underlie transformational leadership. Ads by GoogleStanford Exec. LeadershipWhere knowledgeableness and visionary leadership meet. Learn More.gsb.stanford.edu/SeniorLeadershipIdealized InfluenceTransformational leaders act as role models and vaunting a charismatic personality that influences others to want to become mor e like the leader. Idealized influence earth-closet be most expressed through a transformational leaders willingness to take risks and follow a centre of attention set of values, convictions and ethical principles in the actions he takes. It is through this concept of idealized influence that the leader builds imprecate with his followers and the followers, in turn, develop confidence in their leader. Inspirational MotivationInspirational motivation refers to the leaders ability to inspire confidence, motivation and a sense of purpose in his followers. The transformational leader must talk a clear vision for the future, communicate expectations of the group and demonstrate a commitment to the goals that have been set out. This aspect of transformational leadership requires superb communication skills as the leader must convey his messages with precision, power and a sense of authority. Other important behaviors ofthe leader include his continued optimism, enthusiasm and ability to point out the positive.

Feral Chrenild Essay Example for Free

Feral Chrenild EssayThe abrupt post-traumatic utmost is characterized by an attempt by the infant to reorganize, reevaluate and restore their pre-traumatic world. Many of the emotional, expressional and cognitive signs and symptoms of the acute post-traumatic period ar due to these efforts. As bizarre as it may sound these are any(prenominal) of the issues that we are forced to be reckoned with. ? Background on furious childrenAlthough it is obvious that an abandoned child go out non learn to speak properly, this was not always chthonianstood, what many barbarian children do learn is to pantomime animal sounds, and the Sounds of their host family, those that have lived on their give in the wild learn to adept, recognize and simulate the sounds of many different animals. In the Opt omen Television production Feral Children, Oxana Malaya send away be seen running nearly on all fours and barking akin a dog. Oxana Malaya a Russian girl (born November 1983) was unde rcoat as an 8-year-old feral child in Ukraine in 1991, having lived most of her life in the company of dogs.She picked Up a number of dog- uniform habits and found it difficult to master oral communication. Oxanas Alcoholic parents were unable to care for her. They lived in an impoverished area where There were wild dogs roaming the streets, she lived in a dog kennel from the age of troika Behind her house where she was cared for by dogs and learned their behaviors and Mannerisms she growled, barked, and crouched like a wild dog, sniffed at her food forward she ate, and was found to have extremely acute senses of hearing, Smell and sight.In 2006 Oxana was institutionalized for mental illness where she serve up Looks after Cows. (sight) Feral children brought up by animals develop a particularly good sense of smell, hearing, and subtile sight especially at night. However, they are quite impervious to heat, cold, rain, and showed no perception of hot and, cold, feral children ex cessively carries a offensive odor that wouldnt leave them despite washing, and weeks or months on a prescript diet.Many physical changes that Feral children do undergo are brought about by walking on all fours, their muscles Develop differently they acquire calluses on their palms, knees, Ankles, and other leg joints because there are use to being bent most of the succession. Feral children are Usually both strong, and very physically fit, they can run (on all fours), climb and jump With great rapidity, undoubtedly the lack of normal developmental stimuli has a devastating impact on the development of the human brain.Feral children would not be Classified as human bearing any of the traditional criteria, however, generally speaking, we now Accept as human somebody who is clearly genetically human, regardless of their intelligence, Abilities or skills when it comes to the mind, feral children do not think about every them selves or others in the way most humans do, Through the wor k of Dr Bruce Perry, we know that Without the stimulation that takes hind end in a normal childhood, the brains of feral children are smaller and malformed, such(prenominal) is the impact of the lack of development.The wishing associated with the isolation from human purchase order that feral children experience During those critical formative eld has a backbreaking effect on every aspect of their development, And socialization, they dont know how to socialize, and dont want to socialize. Feral children do not like human company and would go at lengths to avoid it, rarely showing Signs of attachment, and would sit facing the corner, their verbalism entirely expressionless.Feral children show no interest in other children their own age or in games they play, not even to recognize their own reflection. Children brought up by animals exhibit the social behavior of their adoptive families. They lap drinks, and learn animal sounds, and gestures like an animal would. Emotionally fer al children are cognize not to laugh or cry although some do develop an attachment. Feral children are also known for sudden fits of anger biting, scratching others, and even themselves made worse by the fact that they were elevated in the wild.It has long been thought that there is some sort of connection between autism and feral children, many accounts of feral children clearly describe patterns of behavior that we would now associate with autism. Firstly, autism is a spectrum disorder, meaning there are varying degrees of Severity, Common traits include poor social interaction skills, a good rote memory, an fear to detail, failure to understand abstract concepts, lack of empathy, lack of Creativity, severe sensory problems, and intolerance towards change and, thats the amour people notice the most.So here lies yet another hole in the autism / feral child Connection. Autism and Feral Children, by Andrew Teo. Rehabilitation of feral Children The rehabilitation of feral children can take months or years depending on the severity Of their early childhood development and time spend on their own in the wild, the Rehabilitation purpose can include a verity of Stages such as language development, physical development and the need to understand human behavior.Researche have Shown some feral children choosing not to stop cloth and rather being naked not wanting to eat with proper utensils spoon or fork but rather with their mouth like animals. The Rehabilitation of feral children, the process is slow and time consuming but with the help Of dedicated doctors, therapy, love, and care there are a few typesetters cases of feral children Who have been rehabilitated and somewhat Functional in society weather it may be Working with animals like Genie or struggling with the everyday transition back into society.The integration of Feral Children back into society There are a few cases of feral children who have successfully been integrated Into society, once such case w as recently aired on the Oprah Winfred show and Caught the attention of many fewer around the world, and showed how children Are been abused, abandon and severally mistreated by the hands of love one. Danielle now 9 years old who was lock away from civilization and know nothing About human contact, could not speak, could not dress herself and was afraid of Human was discovered July 13, 2005.Danielle is now dish outing occupational and physical therapy, she also attend speech classes, and horseback riding. Thanks to her adapted family Danielle is know Successfully integrated and coping with society. Another case is Oxana now 22, has made good progress she has learned to talk which is unusual in cases of feral children. Oxana acquaint the ability of a five year old. Today Oxana lives in the Baraboy Clinic in Odessa where she works with farm animals under the care of her doctors.Conclusion No matter how fascinating, scientifically interesting some of These stories may seem it isnt m uch fun to be a feral child, wolf boy or wild girl We shouldnt draw a blank that all these children have been abandoned, neglected Even cruelly abused, some of the stories are quite harrowing which, is why it is Always important for parents, care givers to give the love and care desire for a Long brawny life style from an early age within a Childs life.

The Ten Commandments Review Essay Example for Free

The Ten Commandments Review Es positHistoric ally, flat the ancient civilization flourished under the guidance of an established code of laws called the Code of Hammurabi, During Hammurabis rule, back in the time of Abraham of the Bible, he ruled in peace for fifty-five years, and had brilliant achievements, high civilization and all-encompassing literature. But Hammurabis Code law was mainly from polytheistic people and purely secular documents erected at a certain place for everyone to see and obey.The Ten Commandments was handed down to Moses direct from the hold of divinity fudge and it did non besides cater to the ethical and moral get by of the lodge but it taught them that these moral conduct was based on recognizing that there is perfection whom they were all accountable to of their conduct towards fellowmen, the society, and to the established institution of humankind. plenty flourished because of respecting and obeying the Code of Laws which were mainly formu lated by same created beings. The Ten Commandments were made by the hands of the occasion Himself.If Moses was alive today, he would surely appear in court with his stuff in his hands and would say Thus says the Lord, respect and obey His laws and allow it to be flourished anywhere it could be necessary. The question about what is cloggy about the Ten Commandments should be answered in court too. Todays generation should not sink that the American nation was founded by people who had deep faith in God the heritage of American people was rooted in the Christian traditional of the Puritans who maintained their integrity and uprightness in the breast of society seemingly loosing its morality during the colonial era.In the article of Warren Richey, clarifying the ignore on the case regarding Ten Commandments whether the public display of religious symbol ideas on organisation property endorses pietism may not be appropriated enough to cause alarm on anyone. I would agree with Ri chey that the issue is actually a culture war between religious conservatives and secular humanists. Richey pointed out that conservatives believe the government should be active in promoting morality through promoting religious ideas and themes (Richey on The Christian Monitor).On the some other hand, secular humanists are attempting to erase all matters of religion and God from public life. In fact, there was stock-still an attempt recently to remove the maxim inscribed on dollar bills In God We Trust. winning the issue of separation of powers between church and state, I would agree that at many points, the church should not interfere in the affairs of the state and vice versa. Displaying the Ten Commandments in government and public places is not interfering on government affairs.Anywhere in the world, you will find symbols, themes and ideas displayed in public places in memory of the great things done that merit public display of that particular object. No one questions this display because everyone understood its significance. In this context, everyone should know the heritage of American nation and answer why in the American Constitution and on dollar bills there is an inscription of In God We Trust. Mary Williams stated that expression III of the Constitution declares that education and religion shall forever be encouraged. She further stated that the founders saw no conflict in Article one which says, No person demeaning himself in a peace-loving and orderly manner shall ever be molested in account of his mode of worship.It was quite clear as Williams had emphasized that Supreme Court radically departed from the founders religious policy by erecting a Wall of Separation between religion and public orders (Williams). The issue now is no longer on the Constitutionality of displaying the Ten Commandments in the public places nor on the issue of the separation of powers of church and state, but on the humanistic atheistic preferences of the Court sys tem.As Williams stated, even school prayers, Bible readings and other clergy, lead invocations are all forbidden in public places. It means that though displays of Ten Commandments on government and public places was not basically not seen by the founders as unconstitutional but it seems its fate lies in the hands of those who hands judgments, whether we favor it or not.We cannot deny therefore that some aspect had gone wrong. The American society is profligate losing the values of which the founders laid down as different movements rise up and gone. It shaped a raw(a) American values and culture. That is a liberal culture and consumerist society, placing the good on material things rather than on the blessings of the Almighty God.The flame of the values and religious devotions of the founders was no longer shining as the American society is heading towards the path of being an atheistic country as the article entitled Religion is not Essential to America, the US Constitution is a secular document it begins with we the people and contains no mention of God or Christianity which eliminate concept of religion and faith in God. As we had seen in recent developments, though we may be in favor of the display of the Ten Commandments and other religious symbols and beliefs, but the only that we can do is to express ideas and religious beliefs.Work CitedWilliams, Mary.The Ten Commandments Should Be Publicly Displayed. OpposingViewpoints resourcefulness Center San Diego Greenhaven Press, 2005. (22 July 2007)http//find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do?contentSet=GSRCtype=retrievetabID=T010prodId=OVRCdocId=EJ3010110254source=galesrcprod=OVRCuserGroupName=lincclin_fccjversion=1.0.Richey, Warren. Dispute over Public Display of the Ten Commandments. Christian Science Monitor (March 2, 2005, n.p.) procure 2005, The Christian Science Monitor. All rights reserved.Religion is Not Essential to America. Nontract No. 6. Copyright by the exemption from Religion Foundation, Inc. Reproduced by permission

Disregard of Moral Values Lead to Unethical Deeds Essay Example for Free

Disregard of Moral Values Lead to Unethical Deeds EssayThis greed for money has crossed the limits of all ethical standards, regard and consideration for fellow men, or sympathy and compassion. All these things wait to rescue gone with the wind and are among the major casualties of the post-independence period. This development can be considered quite a new one, probably an accompaniment of the new-made technological development which is . taking place rapidly in this country, as the malaise has especially afflicted the young and the middle aged people.The increasing attraction towards the modern glamorous lifestyles, big cars and bungalows, gorgeous dresses and jewellery has such effect on people that they would not flicker to resort tovalues all means, unfair to acquire riches and all luxuries of life. This mad obsession for reaching the hap is the dream of everybody, and as such the moral and ethical values do not seem to get down any place. Morality is often defined a s the doctrine of actions right or wrong it is interchangeable with ethics.Moralists are selfless and preach justice in every sphere of life. If people tend to keep up morals, they will constitute a healthy and sound society. Morality knows nothing of the geographical boundaries or distinctions of bunk or color in modern age, the traditional values which are in themselves moral and symbols of rectitude, have been radically transformed. Most of the principles are in a flux and human convictions based a flush human experience are in the melting pot.Obsessions with circumstances and the peculiar conditions prevailing in a region have proved so overpowering that everything else is thrown overboard. Excessive wealth does not inevitably promote culture and intelligence. In fact, the ostentatious and luxurious living that wealth promotes, causes a notable descent in character and conception of values. Rarely do highly intelligent people, famous writers or artiest run low to rich fam ilies.Since wealth itself has the habit of diminishing fast, most of those who possess it go to any extent, even to the sufferance of unethical practices and dishonesty to acquire more wealth. This leads to further decay and deterioration of character. Indias Poet Laureate, Rabindra Nath Tagore warned. Greed of wealth and power can never have a limit a compromise on self-will can never attain the final spirit of reconciliation.

How to end a relationship Essay Example for Free

How to end a kin EssayEnding a kinship is one of the hardest processes in the development of any bond between two friends. Ending a relationship especially when it is intimate is the most difficult thing to do. Starting a relationship is far very oft easier than bringing it to a close. Most relationships have ended in violence ( verbal and otherwise) and sometimes rase in suicide or murder because most people argon unable to cope with the aggravator associated with it. Most people would prefer suffering than parting ways with their friends or potential life married persons. sooner ending a relationship it is very important first to do a critical psychoanalysis of the reasons of ending the relationship and be certain that the only solution to the problems is calling it quits all together. hence one should think twice before making emotional decisions that ordain back fire oftentimes later. (Pushpa blood brother Singh) After being certain of ending the relationship, it is equally important to prepare adequately of what you are going to say and the reasons of terminating it, this will help in facing the other partner who is bound to require of the reasons.(Pushpa Pal Singh) Ending a relationship can sometimes be dangerous and may core to physical assault, therefore you should strive as much as possible to remain calm and non let emotions drive you. (Pushpa Pal Singh) Ending a relationship also calls for the use of the right come along this means that you should not use the phone, note or email to end it, being available physically would suffice because you would meet the other partner face to face and avoid the danger of being stalked or confronted that may result to physical attack. (Pushpa Pal Singh)Finally, as much as possible the relationship should not end on a harsh note rather strive as much as possible to remain friends. Therefore the process should be some sort of relief for you and your partner when the relationship ends on a happy n ote. It is imperative to assure your partner that ending the relationship will not interfere with you remaining friends and you are going to keep in touch. (Pushpa Pal Singh)Works CitedPushpa Pal Singh How to end a relationship in 4 ways Retrieved on 20th May 2008 from http//EzineArticles. com/? honorable=Pushpa_Pal_Singh

The pros and cons of the mobile phone Essay Example for Free

The pros and cons of the agile promise EssayIn the last equalise of decades, in that respect has been a tremendous step forward in the world of technology. So many of the unused inventions have become more familiar to us and much easier to get at any time. And with these unexampled devices that make lots of thing easier, the world around us suddenly changed. For example the busy address is used by al virtually e genuinelyone today, so when you meet a new person, their cell phone flake is among the basic information you get astir(predicate) them. However cell phones have disadvantages as much as advantages.ProsAlways connectedYou are invariably connected and anyone who knows your mobile phone loafer contact you. You female genitals speak to them, text them, send pictures and use lots of other features.Internet accessNow most of the mobile phone service providers have GPRS, EDGE or 3G enabled network. You can receive and send emails, always have the newest informatio n, get the exact location of markets, hotels or any other places you need while traveling towards them, download music and movies.EntertainmentYou can use your phone to listen to music while base on balls to school or work, play games or watch movies.ConsAlways connected?Some times mobile phones can fail you just when you need them the most. You may be at a location where there is no network, your battery can be empty, the providers network might be overloaded and your call can suddenly stop, or your phone can simply malfunction.Health hazardUsing mobile phone for a long time without break is definitely bad for your health. There have been some studies about the possible radiation from cell phones. The radiation isnt really that dangerous, unless youre talking on your phone non stop. But even if youre not using it that often it can still damage your hearing, peculiarly if talking on the phone is combined with loud music on your headphones.Using mobile phones is very important in t odays world, but we need to make sure that we get plenteous time for face to face communication to our family and friends, and make sure we dont overuse mobile phones to the extent for it to become bad for our health.

Foreign Exchange Risk in Pakistan Financial Institution

Foreign Exchange Risk in Pakistan fiscal InstitutionAbstractCompanies especi bothy international companies and monetary constitutes like banks and insurance companies be now exposed to extraneous bills chances ca ingestion by un anticipate movements in win over estimate. In order to survive in this competition age companies apply to manage this strange flip put on the line in a planned and good manner.The purpose of this involve is to describe the contrary theatrical roles of luck of infection of pictorial matters faced by fiscal institutions in Pakistan. These seeks whitethorn include variation adventure, execution encounter and ope measure guess. Research too includes the focussing and quantity of unknown interchange peril and studies the opposite methods of hedging this peril.The interrogation was conducted through internet, analyzing the financial reports of different financial institutes and face to face interviews conducted from different e xecutives of different financial institutes.Foreign throw danger has a great involve on the immediate payment flows and run profits of an organization piece of music doing business abroad and organizations have to familiar to manage and misrepresent this jeopardize by using different derived functions and choose the best method that is suitable to organization.Managing the unknown sub risk of exposure through hedging and social function of derivatives is very common in these days. Organization often uses leading and follow technique and less uses the swaps and invoice gold methods.1- IntroductionIn this section the back ground of the look for will be presented. On the radical of back ground we will make a research question and then followed the proposition for a financial institutions unknown give-and- come upon risk.1.1 Background of the studyWith the libertine development of sparing globalization since 70s of last century, today companies operate in as integra ted human marketplace. The world-wide market produces the global producer, supplier, customer and in any case global competitors. Now a days coin has no national boundaries. Mean tour the increasing global business has brought many new problems and opportunities for organizations. They also go ab show up different kinds of risks involving operation risk, coronation risk and financing risk etc. to be familiar with those risks and how to fudge and control these risks is very important for organizations. Especially the foreign counterchange risk is placed at the cover version of the risks to be concerned for an effective management.Multinational corporations and multinational enterprises atomic number 18 the entities that operate in at to the lowest degree deuce countries in both ways i.e production and rendering services. Recently foreign shift risk has got the increasing importance in both sectors corporate and books. Focusing on different aspects, a no of studies have b een d i in order to develop the theory and provide the facts of corporate sector in foreign transposition risk. Some of them like Charles, Ronald and Herman tried to study the veer rate behavior and others like Anderson Bollerslev, Diebold and Paul attempted to study the volatility of qualify rates.Present monitory system is elaborate by a mix of aimless and managed exchanged rate policies that every country per utilize in its best interest. whatever appreciation of a nones a encouragest other will bring export down and vise versa. Financial institutions must understand the foreign exchange risk in order to compete, survive and grow in their business of exports and to avoid from competition in imports.________________________________________________________________________http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation1.2 Research questionsWhat exchange risk does a financial institute face and whether they hedge it or not.Whether these institutions employ derivatives instruments to hedge exchange rate risk or not.What derivatives atomic number 18 utilise by these financial institutions in order to hedge the exchange risk?How these organizations measure the word picture of foreign exchange.What would be the objectives of foreign exchange risk management in financial institutions in Pakistan1.3 manipulationMain purpose of this research is to describe the actual condition of foreign exchange risk in financial institutions in Pakistan. And how these organizations manage this risk and what efforts are done by these organizations to hedge the risk.1.4 DispositionChapter one Introduction discipline This check is that where the research topic was introduced along with the importance of the foreign exchange risk management, the background of study and our purpose of study. The research problem and questions has been brought up, and we provide reader with our research purpose.Chapter two books review subject field it is the literature review part. It will include the theory of foreign exchange risk management concepts of foreign exchange risk, its classification, characteristics, and different methods and techniques to manage and hedge this risk.Chapter three Research methodologyContent This part is about the methods and techniques used for research purpose that how the data will be ga on that pointd analyze and how to reach the conclusion.Chapter four Empirical findingsContent In this part of thesis research will be done with the help of annual reports of different organizations. The study will help in analyzing that how these organizations manage this risk and what techniques are used by them.Chapter five Comparative AnalysisContent In this chapter we will match the data ga at that placed from different financial institutions and find out the managing methods used by them.Chapter six Conclusions and RecommendationsContent this part will contain the summary of our findings, implication and results answering the research qu estions of subsisting theory. It will also contains the recommendation for incoming research that may evaluate this research2. Literature ReviewIt is the review of literature regarding the foreign exchange risk management. It also includes the concepts, characteristics by types and different methods of hedging this risk.2.1 Foreign exchange risk2.1.1 The concept of foreign exchange riskWhat is foreign exchange risk? Different authors and researchers define exchange risk in different ways. Niso abuaf defines foreign exchange risk is the chance that fluctuation in the exchange rate will change the profitability of a dealing from its expected look on?. (P.29)This definition is in terms of financial risk.Cornell and Shapiro (P.45) also define foreign exchange risk as variability in the comfort of a firm as measured by the present value of its expected forthcoming change flows, caused by uncertain exchange rate changes. In this definition both the researchers emphasize the firms change flows.Hekman (60) defines exchange risk in terms of control of firms as the possibility that operational and financial results may exceed or fall short of budget.Foreign exchange rate risk is the potential gain or departure resulting from a change in exchange rate. It is the risk arising from the adverse movements in exchange rate to the earnings and capital. It is the impact of adverse movement in specie exchange rate on the value of open foreign currency position. Banks faced this risk that arises from maturity mismatching of foreign currency positions. Banks also face the risk of failure to pay of counter party in foreign exchange business. while such type of risk crystallization does not cause primary loss, bank may narrow new transaction in cash/spot market for replacing the failed transactions.____CGAP Portfolio, Are MFIs Hedging Their Bets? free 1, April 2005Major categories of exchange rate changes are given as followDepreciation it is the ongoing descent in t he value of currency in the relevance of another(prenominal) currency.Devaluation it is the sharp fall in the value of currency in comparison of another currency.Appreciation it is the gradual increase in the value of currency in comparison of another currency.For example, a financial institution that has not managed its foreign exchange risk willLose money through currency depreciation when the value of local anesthetic currency waterfall as compared to the currency in which the liability is held. That is, if a financial institutionsay bank has borrowed in US Dollars and giving debt in local currency PKR will suffer a loss if the value of rupee falls against Dollars. It must have more PKR to service the Dollar based debt.2.1.2 Classifications of foreign exchange riskAnkrom (1974) was the first writers who classify the foreign exchange risk in different categories. Many other writers and researcher also classified foreign exchange risk in different types. These authors include pede strian (1978), Whilborg (1980), Dumas (1984), and Shapiro (1989). Following are three main kinds of foreign exchange risk,Translation exposureTransaction exposureOperating exposureThese risks are further delineate by Shapiro in 2006.Translation exposure, also know as accounting exposure, arises from the need for purpose of reporting and consolidation, to convert the financial statements of foreign operations from the local currency (LC) involved to home currency (HC). If exchange rate has changed, liabilities revenues, expenses, gains and losses that are denominated in foreign currency will result in foreign exchange gain or loss.?This exposure chiefly affects the balance sheet and those items of income statement that already exist.Transaction risk, result from transactions that give rise to know, existingly binding prospective foreign-currency-denominated cash inflows or cash outflows. As exchange rate change among now and when these transactions settle, so does the value of their associated foreign currency cash flow, leading to currency gains or losses.?This exposure affects the cash flows of an organization which back tooth be the result of an existing rationalizeual obligation. For example this risk may affect the transactional account like receivables (export transactions) and payables (import transactions) or repatriation of dividends.Operating exposure, measures the extent to which currency fluctuations gouge variegate a telephoners future day operating cash flows, that is, its future revenues and costs. The firm faces operating exposure the moment it invests in servicing a market subject to foreign competition or in sourcing goods or inputs abroad. This investment includes new-product development, a distri thoion network, foreignSupply contracts, or production facilities.?This risk also affects cash flows tho impacts revenues and costs associated with future sales.The combination of two exposures i.e transaction exposure and operating exp osure is also called economic exposure as said by Shapiro. This economic exposure actually affects the firms present value of future expected cash flows from exchange rate movement. Economic risk concerns the effect of exchange rate changes both on revenues (domestic sales and exports) and operating expenses (domestic input costs and imports). It is very crucial for firms to establish a dodge of managing the foreign exchange risk as they have the clear identification of various types of currency risks along with their measurement.2.2 Measurement of foreign exchange riskFor the multinational firms, they must have to face the foreign exchange risk. It is very important for them to exactly measure the foreign exposure faced by their organization.2.2.1 Measurement of rendition riskHistory describes four principals method for rendering. These are given as followThe on-going/non current methodThe monitory/non monitory methodThe temporal methodThe current rate methodThese can be unders tood from following tableNote while translating the income statement sales revenues and interests are broadly speaking translated at average historic exchange rate that prevailed during the year, whereas depreciation is translated at appropriated historical rate. Cost of goods change and some general and administrative expenses are translated at historical exchange rate and other items are translated at current rate.C?= it stands for current rate. That means assets and liabilities are recorded at current tower rate. It is the rate at balance sheet date.H?= it shows historical rate. Assets and liabilities are recorded at historical rate that was prevailed during the period of time.After knowing all the methods of translating the issue arises is that which method should be used among these four methods while translating? Financial accounting standard board (FASB) in its standard 8 which relates to the governance of treatment of shift of foreign currency financial statements from 1975 requires that organizations should use the temporal method for interpreting of financial statements and the resulting gain or loss from translation should be included in income statement. But this treatment was argued that this produced gains or losses which were not the economic reality of the organizations business. So any hedging for this translation risk under this method seems not realistic meaning. From the invention of standard 52 published by Financial Accounting Standard gore to the end of 1981, which replaced the FAS 8, require that organizations must use the current rat method for translation purpose. FAS 52 introduced the usable currency, which is identified by each organization for basic economic environment and selected for each of the organizations foreign entities. If the operating(a) currency is foreign currency, the standard requirement is to use the current rate method for any translation gain and loss that is taken directly to the share holders equity. Whereas if the functional currency is the parents company currency, then the rule described by FAS 8 should follow. The above mentioned issues can be referred to the Adrian Buckleys book named Multinational Finance? (2004) (P145-152).http//pages.stern.nyu.edu/igiddy/fxrisk.htm, The counselling of Foreign Exchange Risk? by Ian H. GiddyAnd Gunter Dufey2.2.2 Measure of economic exposureas Adler and Dumas (1980,19840defined foreign exchange risk as the regression of assets value on the exchange rate and recommended that exchange rate risk of organizations can be calculated by the sensitivity of stock return to exchange rate activities. Many other researchers like Popper (1997), Bodnar and Gentry (1993) And recently Martin and Mauer (2003, 2005), have been done to explore the foreign exchange exposure. Whereas Holton (2003) indicated that when measuring the foreign exchange risk is difficult it is due to the difficulty of measuring the economic risk. For the measurement of economic risk the method used is value-at-risk (VAR). in broader sense value at risk is defined as the maximum loss for a given risk over a given period of time with z% confidence. This definition was given by micheal papaioannou (2006).2.3 Foreign Exchange Risk Management2.3.1 integrated Objectives of Risk ManagementAfter knowing the foreign exchange risk and its measurement faced by the organization, the company should choose to whether hedge this risk or not and further know how this risk should be managed. Oxelheim and wihlborg (1987) with mutual participation produced the idea of currency risk which is given as follow,Risk aversion it relates to the need of reduction of variability of cash flows in business?The target variable in summaries form these are the efforts of the organization to maximize or to stabilize, measurement in accounting or cash flow, measurement in nominal or real terms.?An effective foreign exchange risk management requires definite objectives viewing managements app roach toward the foreign exchange risk. The decision making of hedging or not to hedging the foreign exchange exposure depends upon the attitude of companys management towards exchange risk management. Hedging strategy varies from organization to organization. Whenever there is a risk the risk aversion companies try to hedge this risk whereas the risk taking companies appropriate this risk unhedged. This is the idea arises from management of financial risks that management of financial risk is unnecessary and the gain and loss is will at last equalize in term of equilibrium traffichip in the international financial market. This idea was given by Dufey and Sirininasulu in 1984 Foreign exchange risk does not exist even if it exists, it need not be hedged even it is to be hedged, corporations need not hedge it.? It is the general concept that the organizations involved in exports and imports should hedge the risk of foreign risk exposure as a risk averse attitude. In real terms compa nies prefer to manage the risk at heart an acceptable limit instead of adopting neither of the two attitudes.Management should be in charge for ensuring to take suitable and reasonable actions based on after-tax term to settle the risk.2.3.2 Theoretical appraisal of managing foreign exchange exposureit is the basic strategy of the organizations to hedge the foreign exposure that they increase hard currency assets and decrease the flossy currency assets, at the same time decreasing the hard currency liabilities and increasing the soft currency liabilities. However, many debates relating to the hedge the translation exposure exist in finance literature. Pramborg (2002) pointed out that transaction exposure hedging comes to add value for Swedish companies whereas there is no value addition from translation exposure. Butler (1990) suggested that it support the general suggestion of the finance literature not to worry about this type of risk, so it might not be hedged. A reason for no t hedging this risk is that translation exposure risk is uneconomic as it is based on historical book value and has no direct effect on organizations cash flows. Thus organization should concern to the exposure faced to the cash flows.Earlier experimental studies by Belk and Glaum (1990) and Aobo (1999) who have investigated the foreign exchange risk management in UK and US multinationals, show that the management of transaction exposure is the focal point of company exchange risk management for the transaction risk control the real cash flows.As compared to translation and transaction risk operating risk is less defined and more difficult to manage. It could be defined as the sensitivity of an organizations future cash flows to the unexpected change in foreign exchange rate and any change in aggressive environment caused by these currency movements. Belk and Glaum (1990) found that firms were less worried about the real impact of exchange rate varies on the competitive position of the companies. Bradley and Moles (2002) find that there is a strong relations ship between exchange rate sensitivity and the extent to which it sales, sources and funds itself worldwide. Shapiro (2006) argued that it could be concluded that organizations operating exposure is attri simplyed to distinguish a companys product is, the internationaly expand its competitors is, the ability to shift production, the sourcing of inputs among countries, and the variation in real exchange rate. It is assumed that the firms more involved in foreign markets the greater would be the operating risk faced by the organization.Shapiro (2006) concluded that firms can easily hedge their transaction risk, competitive exposure (operating exposure) are long term and can not be dealt with exclusively through financial hedging techniques, they relatively require making the long term operating adjustment. Strategic reorientation of operating policies related to determine, sources, military position of pr oduction and financing needs not totally financial managers but also requires the corporate managers. Moffet and Karlsen (1994) illustrate the use of production, financial and promotion policies to manage economic currency risk as natural hedging. being a part of globalization business environment, diversification of international operations is very important for multinational corporations to handle operating risk. So this can give the companies to maintain competitive advantage and protective reactions to adverse exchange rate changes. Whenever service cost or domestic production cost is affected by exchange rate changes as compared to those of producing in foreign country, the firm can move product sourcing from those countries whose currency is devalued or plant transfered there. Strategic marketing and production regulations in general are for cost-effective. some other operational process used to hedge operating exposure is financial management, which are formating the firm s assets and liabilities. One preference is to funding the portion of a firms assets used to create export profits so that changes in foreign assets values caused by an exchange rate change are compensate by virtual changes in the debt expense in the same currency. For example, a firm should hold debt in currency of a foreign country, in which the firm increases a considerable export market. Existing text such as Glaum (1990) suggests economic exposure management should be integrated into the long-range, strategic planning system of the corporation and included with all areas of corporate decision-making.Tools and techniques for foreign exchange risk managementNowadays foreign exchange risk could not only control a firms quarterly earnings, butAlso decide its survival. A variety of financial utilises come into sight as the financial markets require managing the different increasing exposure that firms face. ForManaging foreign exchange risk, there exist internal techniques such as matchinginflows and outflows, inter-company netting of receipts and payments, transferpricing agreement, etc, and external hedging tools involve the usage of differentsorts of derivatives including forwards, futures, debt, survival of the fittests and swaps. Each ofthese techniques differs to hedge different exchange risk in each company situation.There have been many studies concerned with the effect from the use of these funds derivatives, e.g. recent study as Allayannis and Ofek (2001), BengtPramborg (2002).Foreign exchange forwardsA forward foreign exchange contract is a contract to exchange one currency foranother with a exceptional keep down, where the exchange rate is fixed on the day of thecontract but the actual exchange takes place on a fixed date in the future. The predetermined exchange rate is also known as the forward exchange rate. The join of the contract, the value date, the payments method, and the exchange rate are allmentioned in contract at the time of cont ract. Forward contracts in major currencies are available on daily basis with maturities of up to 30-, 90-, and 180-day. Two types of forwards contracts are often used deliverable forwards (face amount of currency is exchanged on settlement date) and non-deliverable forwards (which are settled on a net cash basis).A currency forward contract is usually used to hedge exchange risks that ranges from short to middling term and whose timing is known for certainty. It is so important forFirms treasurers to deal in the forward market that they can fix the costs ofimports and exports in advance for the payable or receivable amount and hedge the exchange risk. A lot of experimental researches such as Belk et al. (1992), Bodnar et al. (1995), Mallin et al (2000) and Pramborg (2002) pointed out that the most commonly used method is forward exchange contract. With forwards, the firm can be totally hedged. However, some exposures including settlement risk that exchange rate shift in the oppos ite direction as they predicted, and counter party risk which the other party is unable to perform the contract. Sometimes the high cost of forward contracts preventFirms to implement this instrument to fully hedge their exchange exposure. For that reason, futures are more beneficial.Currency futuresCurrency future is another tool to decrease the exposure of foreign exchange instabilityIt is an exchange-traded agreement specifying a standard amount of a particular currencyto be replaced on a specific future payment date. It is likely to forward contract in a way that they permit a firm to cloud or sell definite currency at a fixed outlay and at a future time.So far, there are some differences among these two sorts of practices. One of thefutures distinctiveness vary from forward is that futures are standardized both foramount and payment date ( commonly March, June, September and December), whereasForwards are for any amount and any delivery date upon which the two parties are ag reed. One more difference is that forwards are dealt by phone and telex and are completely independent of locality or time while all clearing functions for futures markets are hold by an exchange clearing house. The biggest difference is in terms ofliquidation that futures contracts are settled by balancing of gains and losses for each day,whereas forward contracts are settled by real delivery whether full delivery of the twoCurrencies or net value only at the contract maturity. Giddy and Dufey said This daily cash compensation attribute mostly eliminates negligence risk.?Futures market and forward market both are of most important ways to hedge risk. DavidTien (2002) pointed out Firms uncomfortable with the uncertainty involved inreceiving a fixed payment in foreign currency can easily hedge the transaction usingeither futures or forward contracts.? Some studise as Belk and Glaum (1992) establishthat none of the firms which were talked used currency futures, because the standardiz ed features of exchange traded futures most often do not enable the companies to hedge their positions completely. Mallin et al (2000) also found that only 9 companies out of 231 respondents to their survey used currency futures. Giddy and Dufey conclude that forwards and futures serve similar purposes, and tend to have identical rates, but differ in their applicability?. The largest part of big companies use forwards futures tend to be used whenever exchange risk may be a problem.Currency picksA foreign exchange option which is dissimilar from currency forward agreements andcurrency futures is to give the possessor of the contract the right to buy or sell a definiteamount of a certain currency at a prearranged price (also called touch or exerciseprice) until or on a specified date, but he is not bound to do so. The seller of acurrency option has obligation to execute the contract. The right to buy is a call position and the right to sell is a put position. There is option superi or required to pay by those who acquire such a right. The holder of a call option can take advantage from a price increases (profit is the difference between the market price and the strike price plus the premium), while can choose not to exercise the right when the price decreases (locked in loss of the option premium). Vice versa is the situation for the holder of a put option. For the advantages of simplicity, elasticity, lower cost than the forwards, and the expected maximum losswhich is up to the premium paid to acquire the right , the currency option has move growing popular as a hedging tool to protect firms against the exchange rate movements. Whenever there is insecurity in the size of cash flows and the timing of cash flows, currency option agreements would be break away to conventional hedging instruments such as forward contracts and futures contracts. Grant and marshall (1997) observed the degree of derivative use and the motives for their use by carried out surveys in 250 large UK companies, found that a extensive use of both forwards and options(respectively 96% and 59%). They pointed that comparing the most important reasons for the use of forwards were company policy, business reasons and risk aversion, A good understanding of instrument, and price were prominent while the primary reasons to use option for company management.Currency swapsAs a virtually new financial derivative used to hedge foreign exchange exposure,currency swaps have a rapid advancement. Since its introduction on a global scale is inthe early 1980s, currency swaps market has turn into one of the leading financialderivative markets in the world. A currency swap is a foreign exchange agreementamong two parties to exchange a given amount of one currency for another and,after a particular period of time, to give back the original amounts exchanged. It can benegotiated for a broad range of maturities up to at least 10 years, and can be regardedas a series of forward contracts . It is normally used under such circumstances that a firmfunctions in one currency but need to borrow in another currency. Currency swaps arefrequently connected with interest rate swaps, as the common rag currency swaps thecross-currency coupon swap which is to pay fixed and get floating interestsum meantime buying the currency swap. Another generally used one is crosscurrency basis swap which is to pay floating interest in a currency and obtainfloating interest in another currency. The benefit of currency swaps is to facilitateeach contracting part to borrow in their relative constructive market, and bothparties can benefit from the swaps by lessening the get costs. The use of swapsnow has developed rapidly in western countries such as Grant and Marshall (1997)found that the use of swaps and forwards/futures is dominant in UK, Bodnar et al.(1995) found that swaps govern for interest rate risk management in US.