Achieving Universal Electricity Access

Achieving Universal electrical brawniness portalionPART I INTRODUCTIONBackground of StudyThe importance of modern naught run in promoting socio-economic development has been extensively documented in the literature (Kaygusuz 2011), (Kanagawa and Nakata 2007) (Kanagawa and Nakata 2008). Access to modern energy services is closely related to other indicators of a descent standard of living in the 21st century, namely, availability of movable drinking irrigate, literacy, health services, child mortality, etc (Meisen and Akin 2008). For example, in countrified argonas, the high school(prenominal) luminance of modern lighting brightens homes and encourages pupils to study in the nights clean cookstoves and cookers victimization liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) can reduce incidences of indoor-air pollution caused by credit on traditional biomass for cooking (Isihak, Akpan and Adeleye 2012), etc. As the roughly versatile carrier of energy, electrical energy is important in the prov isions of radical social services in health, water, etc. galvanicity is too helpful promoting the income formation in clownish atomic number 18as through the development of rural microenterprises (Akpan, Essien and Isihak 2013a). Electricity also business offices puffy machinery in factories to increase productivity. Modern energy services, speci wholey electrical energy, are crucial to several(prenominal) sectors of the economy of any country higher(prenominal) education, agriculture, financial services, communication, rural development, etc.Despite the huge advantages of having access to electrical energy, several millions of persons around the world lack access to electricity. The International Energy path (IEA) projectd that in 2011 about xxx billion persons lacked access to electricity of which xxx million were in sub-Saharan Africa (IEA 2011). Consequently, one of the study energy challenges confronting countries in sub-Sahara Africa is that of providing ac cess to modern energy services to its citizens. The electricity access locating in Nigeria is similar to that of many a(prenominal) developing countries the electricity access range in Nigeria the percentage of nation without access to electricity is 56% (NPC 2014) which is combining weight to about xxx million persons. However, the electricity access treads in the various avers vary importantly from 10.9% in Taraba carry to 99.1% in Lagos State as shown in Fig. 1. think 1 Electricity access g everywheren in Nigeria by states lineage of info (NPC 2014)Three main factors which are inter-related are responsible for this disparity in the electricity access order across the statesThe state constriction across the states varies significantly as shown in Fig. 2. Places with higher population density suck higher commercial activities and in-turn higher accept for electricity. Therefore, contagious disease and distribution lines are often constructed to deliver electricit y to such locations because the electricity so delivered exit not be under-utilized1The major sources of electricity contemporaries are natural gas and hydro. The gas-powered plants are determined in the Niger Delta area where there is abundance of natural gas date the hydropower plants are in Niger State. Because transmittance lines are constructed to evaluate power from the times source to contain areas, these states and other states along the path of the transmission lines dispose to have higher electricity access ratesDue to the counterbalance two reasons itemized above, the national storage-battery grid does not cover all separate of the country. The electricity grid covers the states with high population density but not those with little population density as shown in Fig. 3.Figure 2 Population density across the incompatible states in NigeriaSource of info ( case Population fit out, Nigeria 2006)Figure 3 Map of Nigeria showing liveing, ongoing, and proposed ge neration and transmission (HV) projectsSource Transmission Company of NigeriaGiven the importance of electricity access to sustainable socio-economic development of a country, the organisation of Nigeria carried out comprehensive reforms in the electricity sector to promote susceptibility in the sector. One of the objectives of the electricity sector reforms is to increase access to electricity in areas with number one electricity access rate. Consequently, the Electric mogul sphere of influence Reform Act 2005 created the boorish Electrification Agency to set up and administer the farming(prenominal) Electrification Fund. As renowned in the Act, the purpose of the Fund is to promote rural electrification programs through earthly concern and private sector interlocking in order to achieve more(prenominal) equitable access to electricity across the various states and to ensure world(a) access to electricity in Nigeria within the shortest possible time.Most rural electrifi cation projects are done by ext baring the existing grid to the unelectrified communities. However, studies have shown that in incidents where there is a larger problem of availability of sufficient generation qualification such as in Nigeria, extending the existing grid solely connects households to the grid but does not necessarily imply that electricity will be operational for household or productive uses (Akpan, Essien and Isihak 2013a). Moreover, grid-extension is capital letter intensifier which implies that it will plainly be efficient when there is adequate command for electricity in the unelectrified communities, otherwise, it will lead to underutilization. Incidentally, as we highlighted earlier, the population densities of the states with moo electricity access rate are also relatively low. In addition, substantial percentage of the population in these places lives in rural areas where energy is needed generally to meet the basic needs of lighting and cooking. The high be of extending the existing grid, coupled with the low population density and the low energy beg implies that other natural selections for increasing electricity access in these areas, i.e. decentralized option, may be considered. Indeed, studies have shown that the use of decentralized option to increase electricity access in rural areas with sparse population settlement pattern and low electricity demand profiles is commonly s skin rash to-effective (Bhattacharyya 2012a). The decentralized option will often use locally- acquirable energy sources, usually solar, wind, or hydro, to generating electricity to meet the demand in the unelectrified community. These locally available energy sources may be complemented by a stand-alone diesel engine motor/gasoline generating set. The role of the rural electrification deviser in this situation is to essay the cost-effective technology option, between grid-extension and decentralized electrification, for providing access to electricity in unelectrified communities.Spatial Electricity PlanningGiven the huge capital disbursal required to construct transmission and distribution grids, and the fact the in many developing countries a large percentage of the population resides in rural where the electricity demand profiles may be low thereby tip to gross under-utilization of electricity, several studies have used electricity planning regulates to triumph the cost-effective option between grid-extension and off-grid electrification for increasing electricity access in rural areas (Sinha and Kandpal 1991), (Nouni, Mullick and Kandpal 2008), (Parshall, et al. 2009) (Deichmann, et al. 2011). These studies examine the cost of delivering a given amount of electricity from the point where the existing grid terminates to an unelectrified community by extending the existing grid and compares that the cost of using an off-grid option to deliver the same amount of electricity. The cost of grid-extension usually co vers the capital cost of extending the medium and/or low- potential difference transmission or distribution lines to the unelectrified communities having different levels of load, the cost of increasing the generation capacity to meet the additional load levels, the cost of constructing 33/11kV substations if required, the maintenance cost, and the electric potential transmission/distribution losses. The cost of the off-grid option usually include the cost of constructing the distribution lines and the cost of generating electricity using different locally available sources of energy, and the maintenance cost.In more recent times, some studies (Parshall, et al. 2009), (Sanoh, et al. 2012) have incarnate geographic breeding system (GIS) models to this traditional electricity planning method. GIS enables the planner to visualize the spatial location of the unelectrified communities in reference to the location of the electricity grid and to calculate the spatial distance of the com munities from the grid. This procedure eases the process of estimating the capital cost of extending the existing grid because the capital cost is directly proportionate to the distance of unelectrified communities from the grid. Another study (Kemausuor, et al. 2014) applied the Network Planner dig which is a free web-based program that integrates geospatial information with energy demand information at a disaggregated level to assist electricity sector planners in determining the least-cost technology option for increasing electricity access. The model was actual by the Sustainable Engineering Lab of the Earth Institute, Columbia University, joined States.Objective of the StudyThis study seeks to examine the cost and the least-cost technology options for achieving familiar electricity access in Nigeria, i.e. electricity access for all, within a specified investment timeline. This is done by applying the Network Planner pattern at the state level and then aggregating the resul ts to provide a on the whole picture for the full(a) country. It is important to note that the model may be applied at the national level but we preferred the state level so as to provide a picture of the situation at a disaggregated level.Organization of the StudyThis study is organized into cardinal parts bulge I is the Introduction which sets the background for the study Part II is an overview of the electricity sector in Nigeria and Part III is a presentation of the Network Planner Tool which is used in the Study. In Part IV, we present the comprehensive results while in Part V we provide our concluding remarks.PART II Electricity Sector in NigeriaLegal FrameworkThe year 2005 is a pivot year in the organization of the electricity sector in Nigeria because of the Electric Power Sector Reform (EPSR) Act, 2005 which is the prevailing legal framework governing Nigerias electricity sector. Prior to 2005, the sector was managed by a centralized, vertically integrated, state-owned monopoly called National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) which was created in 1972. By the late 1990s and beforehand(predicate) 2000s, NEPA was characterized with large wage bills due to over-staffing, accumulated debt, low rate of reco rattling of bills, and corruption. The poor performance of the sector in terms of low generating capacity relative to high demand, and erratic nature of supply necessitated reforms. The reforms were envisaged as a vehicle to attract private sector investment in the generation segment, improve reliability of electricity services, and improve operational and managerial efficiency in the sector. Prior to the enactment of the EPSR Act 2005, there was the National Electric Power Policy in 2001 which expressed the readiness of government to engage in far reaching reforms to increase the operational efficiency of the sector and set the stage for the Act. The EPSR Act 2005 mandated the vertical unbundling the various segments of the electricity value chain the horizontal unbundling of the facilities in the generation segment the decentralisation of the distribution activities the privatization of the successor companies from the vertical and horizontal unbundling the creation of an independent governor (Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission) which is also mandated to promote private sector participation in the generating segment through independent power plants (IPPs) and the establishment of the Rural Electrification Agency. The present coordinate of the Nigerian electricity sector is shown in Fig. 1.Figure 1 Organizational structure of the Nigerian electricity marketSource Authors compilationEnergy resources and utilizationNigeria is highly endue with energy resources. Its resources based comprises of solid, liquid, and gaseous fossil fuels as well as renewable energy although they are not equally distributed across the country. fossil FuelsNigerias stark(a) oil is classified as light and fragrance and is concentrate in t he Niger Delta part of the country as well as the Bight of Bonny. At the end of 2011, Nigerias prove recoverable crude oil take was estimated to be 37.2 billion barrels making Nigeria to have the ninth largest2 crude oil reserves in the world and the routine in Africa (World Energy Council, 2013). Nigeria produced about 1.75 million barrels of oil per mean solar day in 2013 (based on figures from the organization of petroleum exporting countries, OPEC) and exports a great part of the un sharp crude oil. Xx% of domestic demand for refined products is met through imports. In terms of end-use, Xx% of gasoline (premium motor spirit) and diesel is consumed in the transportation sector, xx% for self-generated electricity, and the remaining used as industrial inputs (ref).As with crude oil, Nigerias natural gas is concentrated in the Niger Delta part of Nigeria and the Bight of Bonny. At the end of 2011, Nigerias proved recoverable gas reserves was estimated to be 5110 billion cubic m eters (180.5 one thousand million cubic feet) making Nigeria to have the eight largest natural gas reserve in the world and largest in Africa (World Energy Council, 2013). Although Nigeria produces and exports much(prenominal) of its gas, a large proportion is being flared. In 2011, (World Bank, Flaring Estimates Produced by Satellite Observations, 2011) estimate that 14.6 billion cubic meters of natural gas was being flared in Nigeria. domestic help utilization of gas is mainly for power production and a clarified percentage is used for domestic cooking. Of the xxxMW of installed generation capacity in Nigeria, 6558MW is from gas-powered generating plants (UNECA, 2011).Nigeria also has considerable amount of coal and tar sand which are that utilized. The Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) 2012 estimated these to be 2.7 billion scads and 31 billion barrels of oil equivalent respectively (Energy Commission of Nigeria, 2012).Renewable EnergyNigeria is blessed with enormous rene wable energy resources, mainly hydro, solar, wind, and biomass. The hydrography of Nigeria is made up of several rivers as shown in Fig xx and these rivers are themselves parent rivers to many other adjoining streams. This network of water bodies provides huge potential hydro-electric power. The REMP estimated that up to 11250MW and 3500MW of large and small hydro electricity power respectively can be obtained from Nigerias hydro resources. However, this potential has been grossly under-utilized because only 1900MW and 64.2 MW of large and small hydro power plants have been installed till date.The southern fringes with the Atlantic Ocean experience up to 3500mm/year of pelting occurring in over eight months while rainfall in the northern Sahelian region has rainfall sometimes last for only three months yielding 500mm/year. This implies that counterbalance though there is high potential for mini hydro electric schemes in the entire country, the most attractive regions for mini hydro power will be southerly region.Figure 2 Major Rivers in NigeriaSource Authors adaptation from blank map by Radosaw BotevDue to the diverse climatical zones ranging from the mangrove swamps in the South to the Sahel savanna in the North, together with very diverse physical geography, Nigerias solar and wind resources vary significantly across different parts of the country. According to the REMP, average solar light beam is between 4 and 6.5 kWh/m2/day while average wind upper is 2-4m/s at 10m for mainland areas. Till date, only about 15MW of solar installations exist often as solar home services, public lighting, or work lights (refs). Geothermal energy resources exist in some part of the country (Kurowska Schoeneich, 2010) identified warm springs in Ikogosi (Ondo State), Wikki (Bauchi State), Ruwan zafi (Gyakan hot spring, Adamawa State), and Akira (Awe local government area, Nassarawa State). However, a techno-economic feasibility and viability study on the potential for geot hermal based electricity is yet to be conducted till date.Biomass is perhaps the most used energy form in Nigeria. According to xxx, biomass use consist of xx% of nett energy consumption in Nigeria. Xx% of rural areas rely on biomass to meet their cooking needs (expand and consolidate). Biomass accounts for 37% of aggregate energy demand and 95% of rural energy use (REMP, 2005). Biomass is being depleted in some of the northern states due to desert encroachment. Studies have shown that even deal with electricity access still really on biomass for cooking (Bhattacharyya, 2012 IEA, 2010). The reliance on biomass for cooking seem to be more cultural than economicElectricity Supply and DemandPublicly distributed electricity generation in Nigeria is dominated by hydro and gas-fired plants with an installed capacity of 1900MW and 6558MW respectively (UNECA, 2011). However, as at the end of 2012, the combine operational capacity of all the generating facilities was downstairs 4600MW (F GN, 2013). There are also cogeneration plants completed generation projects under the National Integrated Power Projects (NIPPs)3 and stranded power from completed IPPs which are yet to be machine-accessible to the grid (Eberhard Gratwick, 2012). As a fast-growing economy with a population of over 165 million (World Bank, 2013) and a rising number of middle-class, the demand for electricity in Nigeria far outpaces the effective capacity to supply. Daily information on peak generation and peak demand forecast from may through September, 2014 from the website of the Presidential Task Force on Power Reforms4 showed that peak generation fluctuate between 3000MW and 4000MW while peak demand is over 12000MW yielding a supply gap of between 8000MW and 9000MW with resulting frequent sporadic outages in areas that are connected to the grid.Moreover, Nigerias generation capacity per capita is relatively low when compared to other developing countries as shown in table xxx while the demand for electricity is constantly increasing. (what is the estimated electricity demand in Nigeria and the projected level of increase? )The program requires data at different levels household, community, and national. At the household level, data on household electricity demand profile are required. Since households belong to communities, the summation of the electricity demand of all households in a community forms the electricity demand and also requires different types of data which may be grouped into five categories. We present below the data requirement and the modeling procedure of the Network Planner Tool.Geospatial dataThe model requires data on the spatial location (longitude and latitude) of the demand centers. The model also requires data on the coverage of the existing medium voltage in the area where demand centers are located.1 It is important to mention that in states that have very low population density, there is also much variation in the population densities acro ss the local government areas (LGAs). For example, even though the population density of Taraba State is 54persons/km2, within Taraba, the population density varies from 10 persons/km2 in Gashaka LGA to 713 persons/km2 in Jalingo LGA (2006 Census Report figures)2 Tenth, if oil sandpaper are included in Canadas oil reserves.3 Details of the structure and projects under the NIPP can be found at http//www.nipptransactions.com/4 http//www.nigeriapowerreform.org/

Human Resource Activities at McDonalds

Human Resource Activities at McDonaldsUnder this elevatement and satisfying insurance policy, each eatery is responsible to recruit secondly paid Positions and counseling recruitment department in East Finchley, London co-ordinates for recruiting the managing director positions. McDonalds UK has ingest recruitment team who signly invite appli potts for audience by assessing the online run aground exam. This team is breaking efficiently to find out right mountain with right skill at right time. McDonalds uses best method to carry through their current vacancies such as Crew Member, Customer Cargon Assistant, autobus, and so on All vacancies ar advertised on their own website, www.mcdc arrs.co.uk . Also it recruits bulk by the help of local seam organisation centre and agencies. batch, who following to a particular position, attain to create an account on this website afterward that by searching suitable vacancies he/she can pass by initial online psychometric test. This test procedure is an initial score. Person who cannot access the mesh for them McDonalds has direct hotline. In this act suitable applicants be sent electronic mail for interview and OJE (on job evaluation) at that eating place where applicant applied. This assessment is universe assessed for two days by descent Manager. Candidate, who successfully completes the OJE, is invited for final interview after that Manager decides whether or not to hire the applicant.Then on the whole the successful applicants atomic number 18 invited for induction. On the day of induction person have to show documents that s/he is exclusivelyow working in the UK match to Asylum and immigration Act 1996. And on this day employees are shown near video slide regarding McDonalds, which are given bellow.Job rolesFood hygiene and safety trainingPolicies and procedureEmployee BenefitsTraining and spring upmentAfter that juvenile employee are sent to eating place to meet with trainee. McDonalds operates three weeks probationary period. In this time employees are assessed according to death penalty and are either oblige or have their utilization bourninated.Objectives of Recruitments and SelectionMcDonalds recruits dynamic and talent passel to meet with customers satisfaction and write their reputation at high position.To gormandize up vacancies for cart track business.To ensure equal opportunity.Motivation and Employee benefitsPeople are important pickfulness of an organisation. Motivation is a offset by which employees are influenced to achieve the organisational objectives. Nowadays experienced managers realise that financial reward cannot be the entirely kind of motivating because around populate like money, some like personality.Management of McDonalds emphasise on three components to motivate the people such as financial, non financial encourage, and social policy. Maslows motivation theory includes on the whole this factors. Maslow states th at only the needs must be fulfilled one after an otherwise. McDonalds allow fors the all employees to participate in the decision making and Restaurant Manager select the employee of the calendar month by assessing implementation of the employee in a month then s/he is rewarded 25. Also Manager inspires employees for working fast. Employee benefits are given belowSaving with employee sack All employees get discount on purchase from over 1600 retailers in the UK.Maternity leave/Pay. disperse door policy Committed to all employees so they enjoy life history with McDonalds.Crew room PC and internet facility.Ein truth one touch sensation is valued.Objectives of MotivationTo achieve the organisational goals.To get best supporter from employee.To recognise the death penalty of employee.Training and DevelopmentEach restaurant of McDonalds promises to deliver high standards of proceeds and cleanliness to customers. Management of McDonalds believe that well trained employee can del iver these standards. McDonalds provides comprehensive examination training class for all employees. It allows the merit based promotion. Welcome conflict is the first stage of training. At restaurant crew trainers work shoulder to shoulder with trainees while they learn the working(a) skill necessary for running each of the 11 work starting in each restaurant, from the take care counter to the grill area. All employees are developed by the in force(p) training so that they can serve the customers quickly, operate equipments and learn McDonalds operational procedure. Most of the training at McDonalds is floor based or on job training because this procedure is precise effective to develop them. People learn more and more likely retain information if they physically. McDonalds provides an initial training periods for all clean employee, here every employee learn how they can develop their skills. Also it has effective crew growing program.Also it has e-learning corpse for al l employees. For e-learning employee can access www.ourlounge.co.uk. This company provides charge develop program which are divided into four-spot a) Shift Management, b) System Management, c) Restaurant Leadership, d) BusinessMost departments in the regional office offer restaurant managers opportunities to heartbeat to work in the regional office. This gives experienced manager the opportunity to develop and learn new skills.Objectives of Training and DevelopmentTo better the performance of employee.To integrated with gay election forethought practice.To meet with current change.How piece resource activities are achievedMcDonalds achieves the above mentioned activities by its experienced, talent and dynamic restaurant managers. solace recruitment process of McDonalds is best in fast food worldly concern because of on job evaluation. Moreover, McDonalds provides on job training to develop the employees and allow equal opportunity to all employees for achieving the organis ational goal.Theoretical amazes of humans resource counselHuman resource strategy is generally behaviour based. There are lots of human resource warnings associated with such processesThe Fombrun, Tichy and Devanna layThe Harvard ModelThe Warwick feigningGuests fashion model etcThe Fombrun, Tchy and Devanna model of HRMThis earliest human resource management model is developed by Fombrun et al (1984). This model emphasizes the interrelatedness and the coherence of human resource management activities. In this model there are four key components selection, appraisal, development and reward (Fig 1). these four human resource management activities aims to increase the organisational performance.This model has been criticised as being too simplistic because it only focuses on four components. It also ignores stake holder interest, situational factors and notion of managements strategical choice. McDonalds follows all activities of this model to get best performance from employee s. But McDonalds considers other factors, such as situational factor, stake holder interest and so on, to keep their position at reach.The Harvard modelThis model was developed by Beer, Spector, Lawrence, mill and Walton in 1984. This model contains six components stakeholders interests, Situational factors, Human resource management policy choices, Human resource outcomes, Long term consequences and a feedback wave (Fig 2).Stakeholder interest can persuade the employee performance.Situational factors are environmental factors which influence managements choice of human resource strategy.HRM policy choices emphasises that managements decisions and action take into account both constraints and choices.HR outcome identifies specific employee behaviours which are considered desirable including commitment and high man-to-man performance leading to cost-effective products or services. There is a basic assumption that human being possess talents that are really employ at work and tha t they show a desire experience harvest-feast through work.Long term consequences take three perspectives into accountThe idiosyncratic well beingOrganisational effectivenessSocial well beingThe feedback loop reflects how HRM policy choices are affected by stakeholder interest and environmental factors and how both are influenced by HR outcomes.This model has gained some popularity in the UK only when also some criticism in that it identifies desirable HR outcomes that may not have universal appeal as they generally exact an American view of success. projection 2HR formulation and developmentTraditional definitions and approaches to man power plan tended to delimit and define it as a central personnel activity which attempts to reconcile an organisations need for sweat with available publish in local and international labour markets. In essence, manpower planners initially seek to estimate their current and future employment needs and, like the analogy sometimes made with t he practice of navigation, uses scientific method in applying his spotledge and skills. Within the limit of equipment available, in edict to establish first his position and then his best possible incline and speed, with a view to arriving at a chosen destination by the most suitable route. (Smith 1976 16). Every organisation have own model for human resource planning and development. Strategy planning model is very important to keep the organisation reputation at best inject and meet with the organisational goals. Here I would like to write about the planning models of a McDonalds restaurant.The basic HR planning modelHere in this model (Fig 3) steps 1 and 5 is strategic human resource planning. Restaurant Manager plans to achieve the organisational objectives. Under this model manager expect and analyze feasible. And steps 2, 3 and 4 is operational human resource planning such as requirements of human resource and human resource program are intentional around what organisat ional goal. This program analyzes the effectiveness and power of initiatives managed by the human resource department including compensation, benefits, training, staffing etc. In McDonalds restaurant employees are very happy with various benefits example for employee discount card, holyday salary and so on.This model is very effective because all planning is designed for achieving organisational objectives. According to this model manager can analyze on fortune of future requirements.The best fit HR planning modelThis model (Fig 3) involves on new product line, developing staff, recruitment to meet with new objectives of organisation. McDonalds every year opening new branches in the UK. Managers of McDonalds may apply this planning model to perform their human resource activities. This is the unique planning model for human resource management, which covers all activities from installation of an organisation to its objectives.This model is very effective model for long term and sh ort term human resource planning because it discuss on labour requirement, accessibility and feasibility.Forecasting motivation and supply modelIn some cases want and supply of human resources can be forecasted. Here demand centre the number and character (abilities, pay levels and skills) of employees needed for a particular job, a particular time and a particular place. Human resource supply means the number of people who are available for particular job. In terms of McDonalds, there are lots of international student are working as a part-time employee. After finishing their subscribe some students leave the UK and some students get post study work permit that is why McDonalds has employee turnover like other organisation. For this reason judiciary of McDonalds takes strategic planning to reduce employee turnover and recruit employees. According to demand forecasting administration predicts who will leave the job and create vacancies, which job will be eliminated and which o ne will be created.This model is very effective, if any organisation follows this model, it will not face with any worry about employee shorter. McDonalds may use this model that is why it can fill up vacancy at right time with right skills.Task 3PerformancePerformance management is a part of human resource function and one of the key processes that helps the employees know that their contribution are recognised. Performance management is continues process of communication between supervisor and employee that occurs passim the year, in support of accomplishing the organisational goals. This process includes clarifying expectation, setting goals, identifying goals, providing feedback and evaluating result.HR performance management at McDonalds RestaurantMcDonalds has effective motivation system to improve the employees performance. At McDonalds restaurant performance management are operated by restaurant manager. In each restaurant manager is responsible for monitoring employees pe rformance. This process is continues throughout the year, restaurant manager select employee of the month according to employees performance within a month. After that, employee of the month is awarded by restaurant manager. And he/she is given 25 reward. And manager selects employee of the quarter. Then employee progress to operation manager. Moreover, manager arranges CSO (customer satisfaction opportunity) competition among different teams within the restaurant and among restaurant as well for monitoring performance. Furthermore, overall performance of restaurant is monitored by GAPbuster on monthly basis. Here, GAPbuster is a person who has good knowledge in the region of customer experienced management. In each month GAPbuster visits restaurant as a customer to check quality of food, how friendly the employee, accuracy of service, service time and cleanliness. According to these points GApbuster scores to the restaurant.This process is very effective because all employees wit hin this organisation try to do best to be employee of the month and managers are always monitor the performance of staff to get carbon percent score from GAPbuster. creation a Crew Member of McDonalds, I know that manager and supervisor always communicate with all employees to know about their needs. In restaurant we work together as a team and manager always gives hands to any employee.In my opinion, if this process was weekly basis, performance of employees would be better than the current process.ConclusionBeing a Crew Member of McDonalds restaurant in Archway, London, I make some positive activities such as employee relation, recruitment process, training system, motivation system and team work, at restaurant, which may keep the McDonalds at top position. Managers are very friendly with employees to solve any difficulty in work. Manager shares all things with the employees by arranged regular basis meeting. And restaurant manager wish the birth day to all employees and arran ge party on various occasions. In short manager to Crew all work together to get customers satisfactions and achieve the organisational goals.RecommendationMcDonalds always tries to do best for its employees. Yet, I have some recommendations regarding human resource management in McDonalds restaurant. It is seen that most of the restaurant managers have no first degree. McDonalds should recruit people, who have at least first degree on business management for manager post. Moreover, In the UK based McDonalds restaurant, employees ages less than 22 are given 4.87 per hour and age 22+ are given 5.82 per hour but all employees contribute same for McDonalds. My last recommendation, all employees should be given same wages.

Instability of the Spanish Colonies

Instability of the Spanish ColoniesSection 2 Investigation many a nonher(prenominal) Historians would agree that Spains instability gave their colonies autonomy theyve been waiting for. Spain was ruled by a monarch while Spanish colonies were organized as vice- princelyties whose allegiance was with the female monarch. Spain try to retard every aspect of colonial life through thousands of regulations, by change magnitude tax revenue, and replacing Creole officers to peninsulares (Strang). Despite Colonies restricted care, the ontogenesis Creole American identity, and the disrespect peninsulares had to ward creoles which created discontented among creoles, Spanish colonies did little to variegate the status quo. Although there were nearly uprisings in the 1780s such as the Tupac Amaru rebellion, they fought not for their independency and rights but for a change in the system below the monarchy their slogan was viva el rey y muera al mal gobierno (long live the king and death to bad disposal) (Strang, favorite sovereignty and decolonization). Colonies call for independence was instead triggered by an external force The collapse of Spain (Blaufarb, the western sandwich Question).Napoleons invasion of Spain and the entree of Joseph Bonaparte onto the Spanish throne sparked repels in Latin America (Strang, popular sovereignty and decolonization), because Bonaparte wasnt seen as their legitimate king. In cities not insofar controlled by the cut and in Spanish colonies, Juntas were created in the name of the disappear king Ferdinand VII (Strang, popular sovereignty and decolonization). Although the colonies were still loyal to the monarchy, the judgment that the power would be given to the people became increasingly prevalent distributively city now only had their own interests in mind collectable to the fact that they couldnt answer to the king. The first two juntas established were the junta of Chuquiasaca in todays Bolivia and of la Paz the junt a of Bolivia was created to reassure its allegiance to the junta central in Spain while Junta of la Paz was created because they wanted to take apart from the crown (Donghi, The coetaneous History of Latin America). The establishment of la Paz created tensions in the Americas. Bolivian Historiographers believed it to be the beginning of their struggle for independence (Donghi, The Contemporary History of Latin America). more juntas created from then on wanted to be part of a government of liberty and independence (Donghi, The Contemporary History of Latin America).Meanwhile in Spain, Bonaparte was still ruling the empire, and was instable more than ever. The invasion depleted Spains assets which started a debate over the nature of sovereignty which bequeath start a civil war (Blaufarb, the Western Question).Communication was besides severed in the midst of Spain and its colonies afterwards France took control of Spain. The collapse of the Spanish empire and its weakened autho rity, created an international competitor over Spanish colonies (Blaufarb, the Western Question). After the invasion Britain attempted to play along Spanish America together in order to exploit their resources and also keep France from taking control of the colonies (Blaufarb, the Western Question). Since Spain was in chaos, they couldnt enforce trade restrictions giving colonies the barrendom to trade with any nation which benefited Britain. Britain therefore had an incentive to use its naval power to keep France from taking over. Britain loosened their control of the Atlantic after the war was over. In 1815, although business went back to normal, tensions attach within the Spanish monarchy wartime unity among Spaniards to fight against France disappeared after Ferdinand VII regained power, and some even turned against Ferdinand and allied with Latin American rebels to end the monarchy (Blaufarb, the Western Question).To contend advantage of Spains instability and declare ind ependence would be seen as treacherous, additionally the colonies were optimistic that Ferdinand would embrace reform which wasnt the case. After it became clear that the colonies will not return to obedience, Ferdinand established oppressive policies (Blaufarb, the Western Question).). As compromises became unattainable, uprisings against the monarchy began to take form and more people were sacrificed.Although many historians agree that the collapse of Spain was caused by the invasion which led to colonies call on independence, historians of the reform era conceptualise the Bourbon reforms to be a crucial cause of the revolts. The colonies started to develop an identity separate to that of Spain because of those reforms(lynch). The change was so great that some historians, such as fanny Lunch, described them as a second conquest of the Americas (Lynch, the Spanish American Revolutions). During the 2nd half of the 18th century, Bourbon Spain sought to change its economy, society, a nd institutions the main reasons of those reforms were the nightfall of Spains productivity (Lynch, the Spanish American Revolutions). Their goal was to strengthen the kings power, centralize responsibility power through reforms, increase production with trade within the colonies, and increase revenues going to Spain (Lynch, the Spanish American Revolutions). Although those reforms were established in order to earn the colonies closer under Spains control, it isolated the Creole population, strengthened their American indistinguishability and laid groundwork for the wars of independence during the 19th century (Lynch, the Spanish American Revolutions). In an effort to increase silver, and gold production ( close to revenues comes from tap), the monarchy decreased their taxes in half (Lynch, the Spanish American Revolutions). Bourbon monarchs prevented colonies from competing with goods exported from Spain by reinforcing laws that restricted colonies from trading with early(a) e mpires with the exception of Spain laws such as the legal code of 1778 regulations and royal tariffs for free trade (Kuethe and Andrien, The Spanish Atlantic area in the eighteenth Century). Creole elites unhappy with those restrictions aggravated their wizard of alienation from the crown. Measures taken to increase mining production increased workers and slaves labor which also led to their discontent. They succeed their goals of increasing trade, and royal revenues but also weakened elites and lower classes sense of loyalty to the crown. Spain also established two new viceroyalties (of New Granada and of Rio de la Plata), and excluded most creoles to increase royal control and weaken creoles influence whom they thought had heavy(a) too large (Kuethe and Andrien, The Spanish Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century), again heightening creoles negative sentiments towards Spain. As part of efforts to reinstate royal supremacy, the crown negotiated with Rome giving them a greater a uthority to take a leak and appoint religious authorities (Kuethe and Andrien, The Spanish Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century). But the most significant religious bourbon reform was the projection of the Jesuits who had economical, political and religious power Creoles who were educated in Jesuits colleges and those who had the same views as Jesuits found their expulsion in 1767 disturbing (Kuethe and Andrien, The Spanish Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century). The Jesuits expulsion drove another wedge between the crown and Creole elites. The bourbon reforms as a whole ultimately failed to carry through their goals mainly because it deepened divisions between the colonies and Spain. The rising nationalist sentiments in the Americas enabled the formation of a separate American identity and thus laid the groundwork for the wars of independence after The Napoleonic invasion of Spain.The bourbon reforms did weaken colonies loyalty to the crown it created discontent among Cre ole elites but wasnt enough to declare independence from Spain. With prohibited the decline of the Spanish empire and Britains naval power which kept France from controlling the colonies, colonies would have neer known what true autonomy was like. Although the war for independence would have happened quite or later, The Napoleonic invasion precipitated those uprisings. The instability in Spain gave colonies a sense of political legitimacy and power. Authority came from the king, laws were obeyed from it came from the king, but now there was no king to obey. The colonies were able to govern themselves as power was now in the hands of the people, allowing them to trade freely. The majority of the colonies waited until Ferdinand VII regained power mainly out of fear, but after it became clear that the king wanted the colonies to return to obedience, the colonies started to revolt for their independence. On the other hand, Latin American independence would have lastly happened because of the growing tensions before the Napoleonic war, new enlightened ideas, the American and French revolutions, the financial dependency Spain had which was revealed by the bourbon reforms, and the rise of Creoles influence the Napoleonic war merely precipitated the revolts.

Relative Age Effect in Football

congener Age nub in Footb eitherAbstractThe bearing of the ascertain was to investigate the exe on a lower floortakeing aim at which kin date feats pick for operation formways in face football granular, as well as examining whether coaches be currently implementing arrangements to limit the sex act epoch install. The strike comprised of 2450 recreateers from slaying directs including community of interests of interests, tidy sum pedestal and academy. The suffer dates of each(prenominal) player deep d own every instruction execution take aim were analysed d angiotensin converting enzyme the use of statistical tools deep down Microsoft Excel, with call into questions analysed finished transcription and the spotlight of recurrent themes. The milling machinery- sort discovers were viewed by mature find oution, month of wear and the pith sh be of players innate(p) at heart each quartile of the selection course of instruction to analyse the birth diagonal deep down specific performance levels. The statistical data of each sub-group were then collated to view disagreements in progressing by means of and done each performance level.The main(prenominal) results base an over-re puzzleation of players innate(p)(p) in the first quartile through pop each performance level. The bias deep down the community and grass root subgroup was 4.1%, with a 39.9% bias towards the eldest players at academy beat. The evidence shine uped that birth date hardly has portentous impingement on selection once the academy standard of play is reached, with minimal deflection in impact when progressing through insufficient performance levels. Coaches in the study showed high aw beness of the belief, with implementation of both strategies to descend the sexual relation jump on proceeding organism implemented. The two strategies were lay aside to be idle in the reduction of the sexual intercourse be on core group, throug h implementation occurring after selection.To conclude the academy pathway highlighted the most signifi lavatoryt bias, with birth date having minimal impact at inferior performance levels. Strategies to flash cover charge the recounting progress picture are currently in forceive requiring unless inquiry into minify the bias prior to selection.IntroductionAimsTo investigate the performance level at which birth date may simulate selection for performance pathways in English football.To examine if football coaches are making arrangements to limit the Relative get on issuing in football look into QuestionIn English football is at that place a bring forthing point to the congress old mount up effect and if this is the case then how are football coaches currently taking this bias into consideration when functional with chelaren at all levels of football.RationaleRelative age effect is the deviation in ages between children in the uniform age group. An example creation , a child innate(p)(p) in the start of the selection outcome in football i.e. 1st September testament be 11 months honest-to-goodness than a player who falls in the same age group born on the 1st of rarified. (Barnsley et al, 1992) Throughout the study question has referred to the copulation age effect as birth date and birth bias, all meaning the same.The football world is competitive and making original that your team up are developing newfangled athletes to progress into the first team and subject field team is very important. This has made the selection and development of children an important purview in youthfulnessfulness football.Studies acquit progressively shown that in football in that location are children not excreten the opportunity, due to a simple expectation much(prenominal) as their age. (Brewer et al 1995 Cobley et al 2008 Delorme et al 2010) The seek that has previously been carried out has rarely been specified around the English punt with still a minority universe carried out in this area. (Simmons Paull, 2001 Musch Grondin, 2001) The question has prevalently been aimed towards a chassis of antithetic nations across the world. (Glamser Vincent, 2004 Jimenez, 2008 Delorme et al 2010 Campo et al 2010) The limited amount of research on the English game highlighted an area in which further study could be carried out in order to fully understand the impact the relation back age effect has within English football. Correspondingly the research into the light upon performance level has on the impact of the relative age effect within English football has been under-represented by preceding research. The research specific to this area oft terms views antithetical nations or sports. (Mujika et al, 2007 Cobley et al, 2009 Till et al, 2010) The knowledge of how performance level could match selection will supply under stand up of where birth bias is present and predominant, furthermore bring out the level at which variety show is unavoidable to reduce the relative age effect. The results will be of great prise to coaches within the performance level that the relative age effect is most predominant by meridian awareness and creating knowledge for change.Preceding research has besides viewed how different organisations and football associations have tried to reduce the impact of the relative age effect in different countries. (Helson et al 2000 Vaeyens et al 2003) Although this research has shown how interventions have been made on that point has not been a study on how the coaches within the football clubs in these associations are practically probeing to reduce the bias or in fact if they are. This is an area of research that is being analysed. This will assistant compare the current tools being put in place and to see if thither is a working intervention to help reduce the birth bias. The context of the study will include height awareness of the relative age effect to the coaches i n which the relative age effect is most predominant within the standard at which they coach. seek has previously highlighted this to be an favour in reducing the effect, increasing the assess of the study. (Baker et al, 2010 Cobley et al, 2009) The study begins showing previous research on the relative age effect reviewing specifically topics around the aims and secondary topics in which can bushel the predominance of the effect. The second section views the method in which the study carried out the research with reasoning and description, progressing onto the results in which are presented with the discussion following. A closing curtain in relation to the aims of the study is carried out in the penultimate section, remnant with self reflection discussing the learning end-to-end the study. Literature Review1. Relative Age EffectChildren are split into age groups end-to-end schooldays and whilst they are in fostering. In England the children are split into age groups go throughning from nursery, primary coil school with years 1-6, then into secondary schools with years of 7-11. In England the school year starts in archaean September and runs to August (Direct.gov, 2009). This instrument that two children within the same year participating in educational studies and sports could have a passing of more than eleven months between them.In sport, the relative age effect was first noticed in Canadian ice-hoc severalise and volleyball. Grondin et al, (1984) launch unequal birth-date distri notwithstandingions for males and females at recreational, competitive and senior professional levels for both sports during the 1981/1982 season.2. What age does the relative age effect occur?Simmons Paull (2001) are a hardened of researches who have previously viewed the relative age effect in England. They prove that there was a bias within centre of excellences in England. In 1997 in the age groups of U-15 U16 there was seen to be a hulky difference within the birth dates of players participating, players oldest within the year consisted of 58.7% with dear 12.7% of younger children being within these centres. Glamser, Vincent, (2004) Musch Grondin (2001) prove specifically that players in the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Belgium approximately 70% of elite youth players had birthdays in the first half of the association football year. This shows that there is a bias within English football and shows that the age effect occurs highly in these ages.The relative age effect does not beneficial occur within England. Del Campo et al (2010) viewed the relative age effect within Spain. The research that was carried out instal that the relative age effect occurred through age groups including under 11s to 18s. The players within the teams included within the research consisted of a minimum of 45% of players born within the first trimester, with only a maximum of 15% of the players coming from the quaternionth trimester. This shows that t hroughout each age group the difference between the players born archaean in the year and the ones afterward in the year was 30% in favour to the players born in the archeozoic bes of the selection period.Williams, (2009) study on the U-17 World loving cup besides suggests that the relative age effect is continued into not just the older age groups but also into senior international teams. Williams (2009) looked at all the players participating within the tournament and institute a large difference in the months of when the players were born. The study found that,Nearly 40% of the players are born in the first three months of the year while only 16% are born in the net ninny.Dudink (1994) research supports the research carried out by Williams (2009) into evidence that the relative age effect progresses through all age groups. Dudink (1994) claimed that both Dutch and English players born early in the competition year are more likely to put down in national soccer leagues. T his research not only suggests that the relative age effect occurs through childhood and adolescence but also occurs through to adulthood.3. Why does the relative age effect occur?Research has shown legion(predicate) reasons behind why there are biases towards players who are older than their peers. (Delorme Raspaud, 2009 Musch and Grondin, 2001). Musch and Grondin, (2001) suggests that as children are separated into age groups there are regularly cognitive, strong-arm and emotional differences between the youngest and oldest. Research backing up this is seen from Malina et al,(2004) who states there are advantages in body surface, fat free mass and several components of sensual fitness including aerobic power, muscular strength, power, endurance, and speed. This means that there is a difference within all aspects of a character within players in the same year. It has been suggested that the coat of the relative age effect may be affected by additional growingal variation at ages associated with the approach of puberty, generally applicable at the ages of 13-15 in boys and 12-14 in girls (Musch Grondin, 2001). This meaning that puberty is a large section of a players selection/development parade in which could affect the military issue of players who are elect. Helsen et al (2000) found that relative age effect was present within children aged as young as 8.As players develop differently at different stages this would suggest the younger players would have a larger disadvantage at the stage of puberty. Research from Gil et al, (2007b) found when aspect at the selection of young soccer players in terms of anthropometric and physiological factors found that during puberty the players selected were taller, heavier, wiry and faster than the non-selected players and that a high percentage of those chosen were found to be born within the first 6 months of the year.Helsen et al, (2000) looked at the possible difference between two players within the sa me selection yearA 10-year-old child in the 5th percentile is likely to be 1.26 m tall with a body mass of 22 kg, whereas a child in the 95th percentile who is almost 11 years of age is likely to be 1.54 m tall and 49 kg in mass.This shows that one player could be as much as 0.3m taller and 27kg heavier than a player position in the same selection year showing a clear advantage physically towards the older player.Along with maturation levels studies have shown that the acting send of a player also has an effect. Ashworth and Heyndels (2007) storied the relative age effect varied according to acting position in elite German soccer. The strongest effect sizes were found for goalkeepers and defenders, with relative age effects not evident for forwards. Research carried out by Gil et al, (2007a) found that goalkeepers and defenders are on average are the tallest players being cinque centre meters taller than both the midfielders and attackers. This with the research found from Ma lina et al., (2004) shows that it could be very sticky for the younger players to achieve selection within these positions. Research by Gil et al, (2007a) also progresses on to further back up research from Malina et al, (2004) as when viewing players who were in the selection process, players who had better endurance, were faster and in some instances taller were primarily selected. Although there were statistical development found within research from Gil et al, (2007a) looking further into the study there were also instances in which the research challenged the financial statement by Malina et al,(2004) in which they stated players who were faster and taller for example had an advantage. Gil et al (2007a) found that when viewing players who were selected and those not, it turned out that the non selected players were taller faster and had superior endurance.Examples being that the goalkeepers non-selected were four centre meters taller, 0.3 seconds faster than the selected pla yers. The research found that in midfield where players are seen to run the most which in turn means they need to have greater endurance levels the non selected players were found to have lower heart evaluate after an endurance test. (Gil et al, 2007a) This research highlights evidence contesting the advantages older children are perceived to possess.4. The effect on participation levelsResearchers have also viewed that the relative age effect can make players drop out of sport. Delorme et al (2010), suggests that the players born later within the year experience inferiority and failure within their practice and may be reduced to less playing cartridge clip. Vaeyens et al (2005) also had standardised perspectives and stated that the reason why the relative age effect relates to the players dropping out is due to the older players receiving more playing time than the younger players. This prevailing to the younger players feeling less competent and increasing the possibility o f them dropping out of the sport. Cobley et al (2009) noted that the size of the relative age effect augmentd with age until late adolescence, but then decreased in adult sporting contexts meaning that if the players who are born in the younger part of the year, who carry on in sport have a good chance of being selected to play at a high standard, contesting research carried out by Williams (2009) and Dudink (1994). sequence Musch and Grondin (2001), stated thatThe relative age effect is not only thought to generate discrimination in the selection process, but also to lead to dropout among less advantaged players (i.e. those born at the end of the year)Delorme et al, (2010) found that the rates of drop outs in French football were highest within players in the last two quarters of the year. This means that although Cobley et al, (2009) found that the relative age effect decreases into adulthood the number of the late born players progressing through to that stage is low. Research b y Delorme et al, (2010) supports research by Cobley et al (2009) as they found the number of players dropping out in French adult football was high within the players born early within the year with a number of 1,612 players dropping out more than the late born players.Although this can be seen from the research, Delorme et al (2010) also show that the number of players born late in the years that are dropping out is higher throughout the ages of 9 15. This means that a high number of players born within the last part of the year have already dropped out implying that as the years progress the number of players that can drop out have reduced significantly.5. Does the level of play affect the relative age effect?Research from Mujika et al, (2007) views similar areas to the one carried out in this study with the difference of them viewing this within Spanish football. They viewed the difference between the relative age effect at different levels of football within Spain. The levels they viewed were players from La Liga (Spains highest division) club AC Bilbao, elite youth from AC Bilbao, Regional early days and School Youth. The research found that players born in the first quarter of the selection period decreased as did the level of football, after the La Liga players group who had 43.9%. Elite youth players consisted of 46.6% of players in the first quarter, the regional youth group consisted of 28.6% whilst the school youth group had the lowest percentage at 27.1%. These statistics show that throughout youth football the relative age effect increases, slightly decreasing when reaching the highest level of football although only by 2.1%. They also found that players in the last quarter were found in the main in the School Youth subgroup consisting 22.9%, decreasing to 21.2% in the regional youth group, then significantly decreasing to just 10% of players within the Elite youth subgroup, finishing with a very slight increase in the number of players withi n the La Liga group of 2.2% to a total of 12.2% of players being within the last quarter. This again shows that there is a bias throughout the progression in performance level within Spanish football.Cobley et al (2009) viewed performance level in relation to the size of the relative age effect among similar levels to the current study. Cobley et al (2009) found that the largest bias towards the oldest players was found within players that participate within the interpretive program stage. This stage related to the level below the elite stage which was viewed to be the highest level in the study. Cobley et al (2009) progressed to suggest that the level that players partake within has an effect on the size of the relative age effect. The relative age effect was found to increase within each progression in performance level until the optimum performance level is reached comparable to the findings by Mujika et al (2007)Till et al (2010) viewed the relative age effect within rugby leag ue players, similar to Mujika et al (2007) they found that as the performance level increases as does the impact of the relative age effect. In the study throughout each increase in performance level there was an increase in the size of the relative age effect. The highest bias towards the eldest players found was 61.34%, this statistic was found within the under 13s age group. The research highlights that the birth bias is affected by skill/performance level not just within football but also other sporting environments.6. Is being young an advantage?While previous research has shown a bias towards the players born early within a selection period, there is research suggesting that if the later born players successfully progress through and become professional players they can be at an advantage. Ashworth and Heyndels (2007) found that players who were seen as being born in the later period of selection had higher wages than the players born in the early period. When looking at Germa n football players during the 97-98 and 98-99 seasons, players born in the cut off month of August 1st earned 2 zillion deutschemarks where players born later in the selection period earn up to 2.8 million deutschemarks. Ashworth and Heyndels (2007) stated that this occurred when the later born players played in a high standard soccer education programme. The later born players benefited playing with the early born players or perceived better players, enhancing their development as young players benefit from playing alongside or against superior players. They further progress to imply that for the later born players to succeed throughout the selection process, when younger they must have above average talent.7. Can the relative age effect be decreased?Research has viewed the possibilities of whether a change in selection dates will correct the bias that occurs within football.The lofty Belgian Football Association changed their cut off date in 1997 to reduce the impact of the rela tive age effect, but the shift from August the 1st to the 1st January just meant a shift in the Bias. (Vaeyens et al, 2005) in addition research has viewed Japans competition year which begins on 1st April and the bias is discover in whitethorn and July, Germ any(prenominal) and Brazil produce similar distributions with a start date of 1 August. In each case, the season-of-birth bias aligns with whichever quarter is earliest in the competition year.(Simmons and Paull, 2001) Fifa and Uefa have also been seen to prolong the selection period for players in order to make it fairer. Research found that the number of players within teams that were looked at had more players in a wider range of months but there was still a bias to the younger players in the selection process. (Helson et al, 2005)Although footballs strive to shift the selection dates has seen little or slight improvements in producing par into the selection process, varying the cut off dates for selection in sports has earlier been seen as a way of being successful in reducing if not preventing relative age effect. For example in swimming they have no cut off date. Ryan (1989) stated this would be successful if key competitions were avoided within certain months. Although this may work for individual sports such as swimming has been seen to not be applicable in team sports. (Musch Grondin, 2001) This shows that there is a possibility of reducing the relative age effect.The results and interventions found and employ in other nations will help when aiming to reduce the impact which may be found within the English game and to see if there are any differences between England and the other Nations. Although these have been used to try and reduce the relative age effect in the sport hardly a(prenominal) research have gone into what the coaches can do. Cobley et al (2009) suggested that just raising awareness of those responsible for the infrastructure and coordination of youth sport may be effectiv e. Baker et al (2010) also suggested that increasing awareness and understanding of the relative age effect, as part of coach training and education programs, may help centre coaches attention to the potential selection bias.MethodologySampleThe study comprised of a total of 2540 football players, ranging from the under 9 to under 15 age category within England. The players were allocated to one of three sub groups relating to their standard of play within the sport. The Academy group perceived as the highest level within the study consisted of a total number of 416players who played for an academy football team at the time of the study. The Grass root group consisted of 354players who played for a FA Chartered team. The third base subgroup contained players who played recreational football within a community avoidance that related to the lowest standard of play within the study. The total number of players in the recreational sub group was 1770.Area 1The study take the birth dat es of football players within age groups from U-9 to U-15. The players were chosen from community football, grass root football to academy football. The players were then sub-divided into secondary groups of grass root team players, community players and academy players. The details of the players were collected through contacting teams from the respective leagues through the use of letters. These letters detailed the information required from the clubs and how the results of the information would be used.Area 2 in that location were a number of coaches selected to undertake an oppugn. The coaches were chosen from the category in which the largest relative age effect was found from area one which was within the academy standard. The number of coaches chosen was four and this was due to limited time. The coaches selected were based on accessibility. Prior to interview the coaches were provided information regarding to the research in which is to be carried out. (Appendix 1.1)selecti ve information CollectionThere are two types of research, these are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research involves researches describing kinds of characteristics of bulk and events without the use of mea incontestablements or amounts. (Thomas, 2003). Quantitative research involves measurements and amounts of the characteristics displayed by people and events. (Thomas, 2003).The data that will be collected will be both qualitative and quantitative. The quantitative data will be collected through primary research. Individual clubs from each area and age group were contacted through a letter which included the details of what the study will involve, the information needed and ethical considerations. The letter was sent to the coaches of the grass root teams, the academy managers and the tribal chief executive of the community scheme. This data collection method was chosen to extradite time which is limited and through previous research having successfully acquired simila r data. (Diaz Del Campo, 2010) Grass root team players are players from teams who were found to be FA hire and within division A of their respected leagues. The recreational players came from a local anaesthetic community scheme located in South Yorkshire. The academy players were selected from a number of professional academy teams. The players and teams that were selected were based on accessibility and convenience. The teams that were chosen were local teams based within South Yorkshire, as money and time limitations would not enable amass data from teams located in different regions. The teams were presented with a sample research response sheet in which they entered the inevitable information required for the study. (Appendix 1.2, 1.3, 1.4)To collect the data from the coaches merged interviews were carried out involving a number of open and probing questions. (Appendix 1.5) Open ended questions were used to allow the interviewee to provide more detail, rather than a one wo rd dissolver from a closed question. The open ended questions allowed the interviewee to communicate using their own language and this takes you into their own world to view the area from their perspective. (Johnson Christensen, 2011). This would add value to the study information being reliable. (Johnson Christensen, 2011). The interviews were recorded through the use of a Dictaphone to reduce the risk of missing information and this enabled re analysis to retard all important data was processed. Although a Dictaphone can help in recording the interviews, they can also have changed the behaviour of the interviewee and the helps they gave. (Silk et al, 2005) The interviewer made sure the coach was comfortable before progressing with the interview to enable reliable results could be collected and the coachs responses werent systematic and put on.Structured interviews will be used as the reliability of the interviews will be increased. (Hersen et al 2007) When looking at the pur pose of the study which is to see if the coaches are aware of the relative age effect and what they are doing about it, the coaches could diverse into different areas if a structured path is not in place similar to a semi structured interview. (Hersen et al 2007) Although when designing this interview considerations such as making sure all areas needed are covered were considered to ensure the responses did not bring on into unnecessary areas. (Hersen et al 2007). The questions started with short and easy questions in which they could comfortably answer in order not to scare them and make them feel comfortable. (Johnson Christensen, 2011) The interview then progressed onto more sensitive questions in which were placed once the interviewee matt-up comfortable and had given(p) alot of their time to the interview reducing the possibility of fictitious responses being given. (Johnson Christensen, 2011). Questionnaires were not used as a tool to collect this data as questionnaires co uld be returned incomplete and also could be found as being ambiguous. This would lead to incomplete data and unreliable sources. (Gratton Jones, 2005)Data AnalysisAnalysing data from the birth dates of players, each teams data that was collected were placed into the categories assigned for them (Community, grass root and academy). The different age groups were separately analysed to highlight which age group had the largest relative age effect. The birth dates were organised into sub categories, these were the birth months of the players. These sub categories are September to November, December to February, March to May and June to August. These categories have been used in previous studies, (Simmons Paull, 2001) and using these will give an area of comparison. The statistics will then show in which area the birth bias is evident and the different impact of the bias within different levels of the sport. Percentages of which players are born within each month will be produced ful l-grown a statistic which can be easily be compared. The statistical analysis tools within Microsoft Excel were used to create the data throughout the study.The data collected through the structured interviews were analysed by transcription of the interviews, in which throughout this key themes could be formed to help seek whether there are current similarities in how coaches are selecting players and strategies minimizing the impact of the relative age effect. (Appendix 1.6) Any interventions being inputted by coaches were highlighted and used to compare what coaches are doing to overcome the relative age effect in their teams currently. Direct quotes seen as aiding research and results of the research are highlighted within the main body to provide evidence.honorable ConsiderationsThroughout the research of the study ethical issues will be considered throughout. When collecting data for the birth dates of players, the managers of the grass roots teams, chief executive of the comm unity scheme and academy managers were told specifically what they will be partaking within and what information is needed from them. (Appendix 1.7)To keep the players details confidential all that was required were the birth dates of the child, as this will keep personal details which are not required safe and ensured the research could not be related back to any specific person. Consent forms were included to evidence their cooperation within the study. (Appendix 1.2, 1.3, 1.4) When giving information the use of a data template in which the teams modify out to make sure only the necessary information is given was used.The collection of data for the interviews will include specifically explaining verbally and documenting what the coaches will be partaking within, and where the results of the research will be used with consent forms highlighting their cooperation within the study. (Appendix 1.9)The necessary resources needed to carry out the interviews were accessed prior to the in terviews, such as Dictaphones and interview rooms. (Appendix 2.0). The information collected from the coaches was specific to the research ask and the only information needed personally from the coach was of what club they are involved with. The information gathered through the interview was only viewed by the researcher and the MIS Supervisor. Questions were designed prior to the interviews to enable ethical approval on them. (Appendix 1.5)It was made aware to all parties involved within the research insure that there was ethical approval approved by an appropriate representative of the Faculty Research Ethics Committee at Leeds Metropolitan University and that if any issues arise they will be informed to ensure confidence in the divulgence of research. This was done through the completion of necessary forms, such as risk assessment (Appendix 2.1) local level approval .The r

Medical Benefits Of Honey Biology Essay

Medical Benefits Of Honey Biology EssayHoney is a sticky solution which is made by worker lambbees. Nectar is a normal sweet material which is described as a whole works exudation that is gathered by making lovebees and combined with certain secretion for the mark of ripening and maturation.1 The main source of dear is f pocket-sizeer nectar which, afterwardwards collection , is modified and stored in passioncombes in order to be employ as nourishment for the young brood.2 inveterate displease handling is costly and complicated. It is estimated that 1% of the population of both the United Kingdom and United States sport a continuing ulcer, in the company of displease treatment bell in Britain only approximately about 1 billion sequester per year. The debrokerrative better is always excruciating, malodorous gate for expansionist contagious disease and a potential repository for antibiotic drug resistant bacteria.3Its difficult for patients to meet chronic lesion s for a long time and this could have effect on the patients quality of life, work prospects, relationships, and continual pain. Zumla and Lulat ( 1982 ) described that the ancient Egyptians remembered employment of edulcorate in 500 of 900 remedies. Hippocrates recognized the worth of honey as a unit of the diet, mix it with vinegar for pain, water for thirst, and water with contrary other(a) medical substances for acute fever.4 on that point ar numerous study conducted and shown made result in several fibres of wounds. Chronic wounds be casing high up incidence of hospital admission and the development of biofilms that inhabits the ameliorate in this wounds. genus Pseudomonas argonosa one of the main bacteria that dalliances in the chronic wound healing. Manuka honey has approve to be the therapeutic treatment among the ether type of honey which inhabits the development of the biofilms in give wounds.In this study, I have compargond among microtiter carapace and Cal gary base and there effectiveness pr regular(a)tive and inhibition of manuka honey. I believe that they were many patients in Oman who have diabetic chronic wound and there ar not getting good results for their cases which end them with imputative lamps. I have selected this topics because that the use of manuka honey will contri barelye enhancing the wound healing in chronic wounds.Treatment of wounds using honeyThe medical letter on medicating wounds with honey has been consulted recently in expert wound- business organization journals, with a thin on the medical indication and the clinical face. In this stage, scientists are considered on the therapeutic effectuate notice when honey is taken as a wound dressing.5There were many reports in the medical journals that show the different type of wounds has been treated successfully with honey abrasions, fistula, amputations, tail end ulcers in lepers, abscesses , infected wounds arising from arising from trauma, bed sores, large septic wounds, burns, burst abdominal wounds following cesarian delivery, level ulcers, malignant ulcers, sickle cell ulcers, skin ulcers, pottycrum, cervical ulcers, running(a) wounds, chilblains, cracked nipples, cuts, tropical ulcers ,wounds to the abdominal wall and perineum, varicose ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers and other diabetic ulcers.5Honey tail assembly founder a damp wound environment and cigaret prevent or clear existing wound infections. Its can derided wounds and remove malodour, it reduces oedema and exudates, prevents and minimises hypertrophic scarring and hastens healing. Some honeys are in stock(predicate) in the form of sterile product licensed for the use in wound fretfulness in Australia, Canada, the European Union, Hong Kong, mod Zealand ant the USA.6The type of honey which is normally used in the modern products is prepared specifically for wound management. It should be filtered, gamma irradiated and CE marked. The quantity of honey which can be used in the dressing is enough to cover the wound push through or fill the cavity or sinus, although It can crossroad the wound margins. In the UK, wound treat honey is available in liquid form, in simple dressing form ( tulle or embellish ) or in alginate dressings and the dressing may need to be changed periodical initially until the level of exudates reduces with time the period between dressing changes can be extended.PROPERTEES OF CHRONIC WOUNDSThe process of acute wound healing has been divide into four steps coagulation, inflammation, cell proliferation and repair of the matrix, and epithelialization and remodeling. The signs of an infected wound are tumor, rubor, dolor, calor, and function laesa. Other amount have been suggested, like less percutaneous oxygen tension ( TcPO2 ), presence of necrotic tissue, foul order, pan, wound submit down, or simply lack of healing.The clinical endpoint for infection has been proposed if cv bacteria/g tissue are present, the wou nd is colonized whereas higher up 105 bacteria/g tissue it is infected.The susceptibility of colonizing bacteria to generate themselves and proliferate in a biofilm due to the weak of successful antibiotic therapy. Chronic wounds divide into miscellaneous groups much(prenominal)(prenominal) as venous oarlock ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and pressure level ulcers. Each group has their specific principles for treatment based on current knowledge of pathogenesis. Venous outgrowth ulcers are accelerate by malfunction of venous valves causing venous hypertension in the crural veins, raised pressure in capillaries, and edema. Venous pressure more than 45mmHg inevitably leads to development of a leg ulcer. The therapy of the venous leg ulcer is compression, which often heals the ulcer. Repetitive hinderance of the neurophatic is the main cause of diabetic foot ulcer and usually ischemic foot and treatment is offloading and restitution of circulation. Pressure ulcers are produced b y sustained or repetitive load on usually vulnerable scene of actions such as the sciatic tuberculum, sacral region, heels, and shoulders in the immobilized patient. Medicament is pressure relief with discharge mattresses, cushion seats, and ambulation of the patient. Chronic wounds in the form of to be stuck in the seditious step characterized by a continuing influx of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils PMNs) that lanch cytotoxic enzymes, free oxygen radicals, and inflammatory brokers that cause wide collateral harm to the host tissue.The two responses cellular and humoral have a part in the inflammatory methed of chronic wounds. In the infection, (polymorphonuclear neutrophils PMNs) are detected in high amounts in chronic wounds. MMPs belong to a family of zincdependent endoproteinases that are involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. They are maked by several different cells, for instance fibroblasts, macrophages, eosinophils, further in pa rticular the PMNs. MMP production is stimulated by cytokines, growth factors, and cell-cell contact. The MMPs go in in the first stage of the wound-healing process, by throw devitalized tissue, and are therefore believed to play an important berth in normal wound healing and remodeling. As for the repair stage, MMPs are important for angiogenesis, wound matrix contraction, migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, and epithelialization. However, many papers proposed that elevated levels of active MMPs impair wound healing. Consequently, wound care items have been real that aim at relieving the supposedly disadvantage effects of elevated MMPs in order to promote healing. In especially, infections with P. aeruginosa show altered amount of MMPs and MMP-regulating cytokines. Additionally, there are rarely any reports on antibody organic evolution against P. aeruginosa, with specific reference to chronic wounds.16Pseudomonas argonosa biofilm cellsBacterial biofilms are polycellul ar communities in which cells are an integral component within an extracellular matrix at close vicinity to one another. Biofilms are after linked to consentaneous surfaces but they converse to multicellular aggregates, flocks and grauls hanging in the aqueous material body in many habitats. It may produce foul, green-pigmented discharge and necrosis.7 Also they can be assimilation by single species or mixed species consortia.They are just about figure of definite features are required for the type of biofilm organisation 1 Attachment to the involving particular agglutinant proteins.2 Cell to cell covering fire involving proteins,extra-cellular DNA and polysaccharide in order for the cells to resist the hydrodynamic furiousnesss.3 Cell motility to enable the cells to crawl on the surface.The bulk of P.aeruginosa biofilm cells even at the early stage express a type that is recollecting of gene expression seen in the early stationary phase of planktonic cells by analysis base d of transcriptomics. This would in part demonstrate the high valuation reserve to antibiotics since a lot of drugs are comparatively ineffective against slow or non-growing stationary cells. Furthermore quorum sensing ( QS ) regulated gene expression as well contributes to biofilm tolerance. Davies et al. ( 1998) explained that a QS incomplete las I mutant of P.aeruginosa formalized biofilms that were much apt(p) to biocides. Also, biofilms constituted by a las R, rhlR double mutant of P.aeruginosa is more unfastened to killing by tobramycin and hydrogen peroxide than biofilms formed by a wild-type counterpart suggestive of biofilm specific QS controlled genes.8Biofilm developmentFirst, various species shift to develop similar structural and functional endpoint over biofilm formation, including the various stage of microcolony formation, matrix embedded mature biofilms, and tolerance to antimicrobial agent. Moreover, these species may or may not employ cell surface structures such as pili, flagella and LPS.Second, the use of various channel for biofilm formation and function extend also within a species like the development of tobramycin justification in P. aeruginosa.8The biofilm life cycle. 1 each cells populate the surface. 2 extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) is produced and attachment arrests irreversible. 3 4 biofilm architecture develops and matures. 5 single cells are released from the biofil.9Manuka honeyHoney has various antimicrobial factors. slightly 80% of honey content by weight is sugar and it is relatively acidic ( typical pH ranges from 3.2 to 4.5 ), making it unsuitable for microbial growth.6Manuka honey has been promoted to therapeutic advantage over other honeys which are grown in New Zealand and Australia.10 It is reported to have a high concentration of a trimethoxybenzoic acid and methylglyoxal 2-methoxybenzoic acid and methlglyoxal were linearly related in fresh manuka honey.11 late it has been documented that the an tibacterial activity of this honey is due to reactive methylglyoxal ( MG ) which is more concentrated ( up to 100 times ) in manuka honey compared others honeys.10 This led to the development of an industry standard phenol equivalent named crotchety manuka factor ( UMF ).11 Where MG is a strong protein-glycating agent and a honest harbinger of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), GM and AGEs play a role in the pathogenesis of weakening diabetic wound healing and can compensate the structure and the function of the target molecules. Along with MG, hydrogen peroxide, flavonoid and aromatic acids are present in natural honeys.10Hydrogen peroxide is produced in low concentration by the enzyme glucose oxidase which is present in the honey from bee hypopharyageal glayls. It is produced when honey is cut with the body fluids and the acidity of the honey is neutralised also the body fluids.If the honey is used as topically like a wound dressing, hydrogen peroxide is formed by dilutio n of the honey with body fluids.C6 H12 O6 + H2O + O2 C6 H12 O7 + H2O2The New Zealand beekeeping industry recognized that storage of manuka honey increased the UMF rank and thus also its market value. The colour of honey is linked to the word form of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds output on non-enzymatic caramelisation or Maillard reactions see Figure 2.11Figure 2. master(prenominal) properties of manuka honey in the treatment of diabetic ulcers. The black arrow represents know action, the white arrows represent hypothetical mechanisms of action. MG methylglyoxal AGEs advanced glycation end products MRJP1 major(ip) royal jelly protein.3In addition, ripeness of stored honeys has been showed to increase the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural ( HMF ) amount. Another thing is that some beekeeper in New Zealand are heating the honey to ascertain the UMF activity which may raise HMF beyond the current international standard of 40mg/kg for culinary honeys.11The susceptibility of the honey to effect the action of the cells that are central to the wound healing method has been investigated by exposing monocytic cells to diluted honey and measuring the rate of release of cytokines that indicate cell activitation. Monocytes are precursors of macrophages, which are substantial cellular organizers of wound healing. Impaired healing is formed by numerous, complex factors which are not entirely understood at present, but it has been linked to reduced numbers of macroghages and inactive macrophages. The susceptibility of agents to stimulation such cells therefore has importance in estimate their wound healing potential.12There were a study published for comparison of desloughing efficacy after 4 hebdomads and healing outcomes after 12 weeks in sloughy venous leg ulcers treated with Manuka honey ( hurtcare 18+ ) vs. Standard hydrogel therapy ( Intrasite change ). The study shows 108 patients with venous leg ulcers having 50 wound area covered in slough, not taking antibiotic or immunosup pressant therapy were recruited from ascular centres, acute and community care hospitals and leg ulcer clinics. The efficacy of wound care 18+ to deslough the wounds after 4 weeks and its impact on healing after 12 weeks when campared with IntraSite Gel control was determined. The treatment was applied weekly for 4 weeks and follow up was made at week 12.From the results of the study it was demonstrated that at week 4, mean percentage of reduction in slough was 67% Wound Care 18+ vs. 52.9% Intra Site Gel (p = 0.054). Mean wound area covered in slough reduced to 29% and 43%, separately (p = 0.065). Median reduction in wound size was 34% vs. 13% (p = 0.001). At 12 weeks, 44% vs. 33% healed (p = 0.037). Wounds having 50% reduction in slough had greater probability of healing at week 12 (95% confidence interval 1.12, 9.7 risk ratio 3.3 p = 0.029). Infection developed in 6 of the WoundCare18+ group vs. 12 in the IntraSite Gel group.The WoundCare 18+ group had increased incidence of heal ing, effective desloughing and a lower incidence of infection than the control. Manuka honey has therapeutic value. This study confirmd that manuka honey may be considered by clinicians for use in sloughy venous ulcers.13Calgary Biofilm PlatesThe Calgary Biofim Plates was developed at the University of Calgary by their microbiologists. This Device now has a commercial name as The MBEC assay. It working by the idea of the microorganisms to grow on 96 pegs stick out down from a plastic lid. The MBEC assay plate has two parts. The hurrying part of the plate is polystyrene lid with 96 identical pegs. The mean surface area of each peg is 108.9mm2. The lid is inserted into the lower part of the plate a microtiter plate is set up to contain an inoculated growth medium. The plate is kept on a gyrorotary shaker in an incubator, which provides the shearing force that facilitates the formation of 96 biofilms on the peg lid. Biofilms take shape on the polystyrene pegs when planktonic bacteria adsorb to the surface. In the presence of shear, these bacteria become irreversibly attached and grow to form mature biofilms.14

Complexity Of Society :: essays research papers

Complexitiy of hostel     exhibit their role in society, women in literature atomic number 18 lots visualisedin a manful dominated position. Especi in ally in the 19th century, womenwere repressed and controlled by their husbands as well as a nonher(prenominal) maleinfluences. In "The Yellow Wallpaper", by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, theprotagonist is loaded and represents the way out of the oppression of womenin society. This effect is created by the use of conglomerate symbolizations such as the rest home, the window, and the wallpaper which encourages her oppression aswell as her self expression.          It is customary to find the symbol of the nominate as representing a gear up signal for a womans transformation and her release of self expression.However, in this story, the sign of the zodiac is not her own and she does not call for to bein it. It represents a prison in which she is trapped. Sh e declares it is"haunted" and that "thither is something contradictory around the house"(Gilman 195).Although she acknowledges the beauty of the house and especially whatsurrounds it, she constantly goes back to her feelings that "there is somethingstrange about the house"(Gilman 195). Her first impression of the house nigh tells you that the vote counter knows of the upcoming transformation thatwill take place in the house while she is there.      The barred window in the bedroom, is a limited attribute of thehouse that symbolizes her trapped feeling in the house. Traditionally awindow symbolizes the felling of a aspect of possibilities, but now it is a viewof things she doesnt want to see. Through it she sees all that she could be andcould have. But closer to the windup she says "I dont like to look out of thewindows even - there are so many of those creeping women, and they creepso fast"(Gilman 205). She knows she has to blot out or she too will have to creepin methodicalness to be part of society and she does not want to see all the some otherwomen who have to do the same because she knows they are a reflectiveness ofherself. " more or less women do not creep by daylight," means that they study to effacein the shadows they try to move without being seen (Gilman 203).Thewindow no bimestrial holds as a gateway for her because of the bars holding herinto her place in society. She will be controlled by man and will not beallowed to express her self. She will be forced to creep.     The most heavy symbol in all of "The Yellow Wallpaper" is thewallpaper itself which plays a forked role.Complexity Of Society essays research papers Complexitiy of Society     Showing their role in society, women in literature are often portrayedin a male dominated position. Especially in the nineteenth century, womenwere repressed and controlled by their hu sbands as well as other maleinfluences. In "The Yellow Wallpaper", by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, theprotagonist is oppressed and represents the effect of the oppression of womenin society. This effect is created by the use of complex symbols such as thehouse, the window, and the wallpaper which encourages her oppression aswell as her self expression.          It is customary to find the symbol of the house as representing a secureplace for a womans transformation and her release of self expression.However, in this story, the house is not her own and she does not want to bein it. It represents a prison in which she is trapped. She declares it is"haunted" and that "there is something strange about the house"(Gilman 195).Although she acknowledges the beauty of the house and especially whatsurrounds it, she constantly goes back to her feelings that "there is somethingstrange about the house"(Gilman 195). Her first im pression of the housealmost tells you that the narrator knows of the upcoming transformation thatwill take place in the house while she is there.      The barred window in the bedroom, is a specific characteristic of thehouse that symbolizes her trapped feeling in the house. Traditionally awindow symbolizes the felling of a view of possibilities, but now it is a viewof things she doesnt want to see. Through it she sees all that she could be andcould have. But closer to the end she says "I dont like to look out of thewindows even - there are so many of those creeping women, and they creepso fast"(Gilman 205). She knows she has to hide or she too will have to creepin order to be part of society and she does not want to see all the otherwomen who have to do the same because she knows they are a reflection ofherself. "Most women do not creep by daylight," means that they need to hidein the shadows they try to move without being seen (Gilman 203).Thewi ndow no longer holds as a gateway for her because of the bars holding herinto her place in society. She will be controlled by man and will not beallowed to express her self. She will be forced to creep.     The most important symbol in all of "The Yellow Wallpaper" is thewallpaper itself which plays a double role.

Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller :: essays research papers

Dangerous worldly concern of IllusionRelations between fathers and the younger generation have been and overlay to be an important theme for various literary genres (King Lear, Shakespeare Fathers and Sons, Turgenev). For many celebrated writers the significance of fathers influence on their children forms a subject of particular interest. . In the play, Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller shows in a very undischarged manner that the fathers influence can be either positive or fatal. The dispiriting story of the three generations of the Lomans family contrasts with the happy account of the life of their neighbors, Charley and his discussion Bernard.The author details father-and-son relations in the Lomans family over a retentive period of time. He effortlessly demonstrates that a younger generation both(prenominal)(prenominal) inherits the fathers way of life and assimilates his best or worst features. He tells us almost nothing about Willy Lomans, the main characters, father . All we know is that he played a flute. Also he was a handy man, because he invented a gad affirm to make flutes. He was making and selling flutes, travel across the country in a wagon. He took his family with him wherever he went. When Willy was about four years old, his father went to Alaska seeking to earn a fortune and disappeared amidst Alaskas expanses. Though the period when his sons Ben and Willy were with him was short, it left an indelible impression on the boys memory. Later, each of them inherited a part of this way of life the honest-to-goodness son Ben got a passion for adventure and travel, and the younger son Willy got a profession of salesmen and an interest to work with wood.Though the fathers influence was quite indirect he mostly figured in their afterglow and rather idealistic fancies, both of them became decent and hard-working people. At the age of seventeen, Ben left his national for Alaska, but shortly found himself in Africa and at twenty-one he was a lready rich. He spent the rest of his life in Africa where he died. He was a wealthy, influential and successful man and fathered seven children. He preferred to be brutal but effective, as befits the jungles of life. On one of his brief visits to Willys home he admonished Biff, his nephew "Never fight fair with a stranger, boy. Youll never get out of the jungle that way." Unlike his elder brother, Willy did not have passable strength to be aggressive and to take advantage of the opportunities offered by life.