To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war. Es

To differentiate the ways in which these poems display the horrors of state of war. I have selected three poems, The pass, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce et Decorum Est, and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both write by Wilfred Owen.Compargon how these poems show the horrors of World War 1.To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war. Ihave selected three poems, The soldier, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce etDecorum Est, and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both written by WilfredOwen. I chose Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum Estbecause they are very similar and show the horrors of the war. On theother hand, I chose The spend because it is a complete phone lineand is about the remembrance of the soldiers, who are portray asheroes.Wilfred Edward Salter Owen was born on March 18, 1893. He was overseateaching until he visited a hospital for the wounded, he then contumaciousto return to England in 1915 and enlisted. Owen was injured in March1917 and was sent home. By august 1917 he was considered fit for dutyand he then returned to the face up lines. Just seven days before theArmistice he was unsettled dead by a German machine gun attacker. Owen was further twenty-five years old.The title Dulce et Decorum Est is part of a Latin saying, Dulce etdecorum est Pro patria mori, which means it is sweet and fitting todie for ones country. scarcely using this title it makes the poem seem asif it is going to exalt the war and all the people who fought forEngland in it. Owen writes from experience and from within a group ofsoldiers. He shows this by using inclusive words want we. Owenwrites, we cursed through the sludge. He also uses the word ourand writes, And towards our foreign rest beg... ...answers.On the other hand Dulce et Decorum Est is just a poem. The Soldierhas an instruction and how to honour the deceased soldiers.Dulce et Decorum Est is a runner hand experience of life on the frontlines, in contrast to The Soldier which is from Rupert Brookes mindas he never fought in the war.The Soldier whitethorn have given families of soldiers hope, incontradiction to Dulce et Decorum Est which may have caused vastamounts of controversy and hatred towards Wilfred Owen.In studying the poems and compare them there is a final conclusion.Wilfred Owens poems have a tendency to be more explicit and striking,while Rupert Brooke glorifies the war and the soldiers who fought init. This is because Wilfred Owen was strongly against war and feltthat people who were supporters of the war should understand what theyhad to go through.

Executive Privilege

administrator Privilege Virginia Commonwealth University November 14, 2012 In the past, the king of decision shake upr exclusive right has been accustomd by death chairs to conceal development that has to do with offside(prenominal) affairs and negotiations, military, national security issues as well as deliberations and insurance making that is d adept amongst the professorship and his top assist. This index is scarce utilize when Congress asks the electric chair or one of his top aides to produce all of the study pertaining to an plaint or situation.If the hot seat indeed feels that parts of this teaching needs to be unbroken secret to cling to the best interest of the public, or the separate issues listed previously, then he go away use decision maker director privilege in order to not croak that information to Congress. A huge part of decision maker privilege is to cheer the deliberations and advice go awayn by the hot seats aides. When th e chairmans advisors bowl over him advice, they need to be able to fork over him the best advice likely and if in that respect is a chance that e actuallything they said could be made public.For instance if the electric chair and advisors are discussing what needs to be through in relation to a international power and one suggests to nuke them, one suggests a hush-hush attack and one suggests a peaceful resolution. If the final decision is a peaceful resolution, and Congress asks for all of the information on the subject, then the President should use executive director privilege to keep those other possible outcomes from acquittance public, both to keep the public from getting out of control or uneasy and to keep the other country from limiting out the other resources and retaliating.This power ensures that the Presidents advisors can be completely in force(p) and say what needs to be said without being worried near their words being taken the wrong way or withal h arsh or hurt their image. A big arguwork forcet for those against executive privilege is that there is nothing in the constitution about it even though there is something about Congress keeping secrets.Article I disk operating systems that from apiece one House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time bother the identical, moreovering such parts as whitethorn in their judgment dominate quiet (US organic law, Article 1 Section 5). Their argument is that the makeup states that each House can withhold information that they think should be kept secret and there is nothing about secrecy when it comes to the Presidents powers, only just because the words are not explicitly in the constitution does not mean that this power was not intended for the President.Even our entry fathers appreciated the importance of executive privilege and that is highlighted by this passage taken from The Works of black lovage Hamilton. In 1794, the Senate asked President Geor ge Washington, to lay before the Senate the correspondences which see been had between the Minister of the get together States at the Republic of France, and said Republic, and between said Minister and the office of Secretary of State. Washington consulted his cabinet members, henry Knox, Alexander Hamilton, and Edmund Randolph.Alexander Hamilton ulterior wrote command Knox is of the opinion that no part of the correspondences should be sent to the Senate Colonel Hamilton is of the opinion that the correct mode of proceeding is to do what General Knox advises save the principle is safe, by excepting such parts as the President may choose to withhold Mr. Randolph is of the opinion that all correspondence proper, from its nature, to be communicated to the Senate, should be sent but that what the President thinks is improper, should not be sent.Washington later told the Senate After an examination of the correspondence, I directed copies and translations to be made except in th ose particulars, which, in my judgment, for public considerations, ought not to be communicated. (Hamilton 1851) Three of these men signed the constitution and contributed a great plenty towards it and they clearly hope that it is the Presidents right to withhold information that he deems regretful to be made public. When it comes to foreign affairs it is very important that the President has the business leader to use executive privilege.For instance, if the United States was making a agreement with other country, both countries may wear to give things up in order to come to an agreement, and everything considered by both sides as well as everything agreed upon should not be made public for everyone, including other countries to see. This is best stated in 1796 by George Washington later on the House of Representatives pass that he give them information concerning his instructions to the United States Minister to Britain regarding the pact negotiations between the United States and Britain.Washington replied by saying The nature of foreign negotiations requires caution, and their succeeder must often depend on secrecy and even when brought to a conclusion a full disclosure of all the measures, demands, or eventual(prenominal) concessions which may mother been proposed or contemplated would be extremely impolitic for this capacity have a pernicious influence on future negotiations, or produce immediate inconveniences, perhaps danger and mischief, in relation to other powers.The necessity of such caution and secrecy was one cogent reason for vesting the power of making treaties in the Presidentthe boundaries fixed by the character between the different departments should be preserved, a just regard to the organisation and to the duty of my office.. , forbids a compliance with your request. (Richardson 1897) As Washington states, we cannot simply make every detail public because other countries may retaliate and they entrust likewise be less likely to deal with the United States in the future. However, by invoking executive privilege the President can defend that information from causing such havoc.As he stated, it is not sole(prenominal) the Presidents right to use executive privilege, but it is his duty to use it in situations that require secrecy. Without a doubt executive privilege can have its usefulness, but it should only be invoked in certain, specific situations. In our late history this has not been the case, some of our Presidents have tried to abuse the power of executive privilege, giving it a bad name and encouraging mountain to believe it should be done away with. When President Richard Nixon was in office, the Watergate scandalization surfaced and Congress asked him to produce all of the information he and his aides had on the case.In an attempt to conceal what had been done as well as to protect everyone from punishment, President Nixon tried to use executive privilege. This case was brought to the United States unequivocal Court because the executive privilege was being used to protect one of Nixons advisors from criminal prosecution, thus obstructing justice. This was by far an abuse of executive privilege and leads m whatsoever to want it gotten rid of, however just because a power can be abused does not mean that its use should stop it just means that restrictions need to be put in to place.This is highlighted by the ruling of the Supreme Court. The Court acknowledged the need for the President to used executive privilege, but determined that in cases of inquiry into possible criminal actions, the Executive has to release relating information. If we want to curb the abuse of executive privilege, we need to put guidelines into place, because without them, the meaning of executive privilege is at the goody of the President until checked by other branches. President Nixon was neither the head start nor last President to abuse this power (United States v Nixon 1974).Presid ent Bill Clinton similarly tried to invoke executive privilege in a very wrong way as well. Clinton tried to use executive privilege to prevent his advisors from testifying on whether he had sexual relations with Monica Lewinski or not. However, this state of executive privilege was shot down, rightfully so (Baker 2012). These instances of abuse may lead some to think it is just a better option to not have executive privilege, but as long as barriers and restrictions can be put into place on it to prevent this from hap in the future, this power needs to stay around.This comes with some exceptions this power should only be used when the President truly believes that if this information were to get out it would either be damaging to the public or in the best interest of the public to not find out. This power should overly be used in situations where the President needs to protect national security science and other matters as well as being used to protect military secrets, operat ions and intelligence.Lastly, this power should be used in situations where the United States is dealing with a foreign power, whether it is a treaty, a negotiation, a meeting or anything else containing sensitive material that either the United States or the foreign power needs to be kept secret. This brings up another argument against executive privilege. Some feel that this power should be done away with because Congress does not have the power of checks and balances over executive privilege however that is not the case.If the President is refusing to give Congress the information that they are asking for, they can decide to stop funding things that the President is trying to do. They can also hold people in scorn of Congress, which was done as recently as this year in the spry and Furious case where Congress demanded that Attorney General Eric toter give them all the information on this case. President Obama stepped in and claimed executive privilege, however in a response to this, Congress moved, then voted to hold toter in contempt of Congress unless he hands over the information (Silverleib 2012).Another thing Congress can do if the President continues to refuse to support is to impeach him. This would obviously be only done in undecomposed situations, but would work either to get their message across or to show future Presidents that they cannot just invoke executive privilege without consequence. On top of this, the courts can rule on cases where the President tries to use executive privilege like they did in the case with President Nixon.Articles II of the Constitution states that the President shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge inevitable and expedient (US Constitution Article II Section 3) As the Constitution says, the President does need to inform Congress on the State of the coalescence from time to time, however it does n ot say anywhere that the President is need to divulge all the information having to do with certain incidents.Between Article I and Article II, others take this to mean that Congress has an unlimited power of inquiry, but in reality that is not the case. This fact has been ruled on binary times by different courts, where usually they determine that either the President does not have to give up the information, or that the President has to give up certain aspects of that information based on other laws. It is also Congresss right and duty to challenge the President when he uses executive privilege, in order to make sure that the power is not being abused, which is the exact reason for having separate branches and a balance of power.If it wasnt for executive privilege, other countries might be less inclined to deal with the United States because they fear that every detail could go public. Along the same lines the presidents advisors cant give their best advice if they have to worry that anything they say could be made public. Military secrets and intelligence also needs to be protected to better ensure our troops resort as well as protect our country and citizens from retaliation after an exposed military operation. There is also information that needs to confront secret because it is in the best interest of the public to not find out.Lastly and most importantly, if it wasnt for executive privilege, national security and military intelligence matters could be made public, exposing our informants and jeopardizing our national security. In order to keep this power alive and protect sensitive information, the United States needs to add guidelines or an amendment that properly codifies executive privilege to prevent its abuse. Once this is done, in theory, there would not be any more issues of whether power can or cannot be used.Everything would be stated to say that the President can only use executive privilege in the situations previously stated and any othe r instance where executive privilege is claimed would be thrown out. Executive privilege helps to protect our citizens, our national security and our good standing and ability to negotiate with other countries. If we were not able to guarantee that level of secrecy it would be nearly impossible to conduct policy making, decision making, foreign negotiations, treaties, as well as threaten the United States and their citizens safety.References Baker, Peter, and Susan Schmidt. Washingtonpost. com Special shroud Clinton Accused. Washington Post Breaking News, World, US, DC News & Analysis. N. p. , 6 May 1998. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/starr050698. Hamilton, Alexander, and John C. Hamilton. The works of Alexander Hamilton comprising his correspondence, and his political and official writings, exclusive of the Federalist, civil and military. New York J. F. Trow, 1851.Print. Richardson, James D.. A compilation of the messa ges and papers of the presidents. New York Bureau of national literature, 1897. Print. Silverleib, Alan. House holds Holder in contempt CNN. com. CNN. com Breaking News, U. S. , World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News. N. p. , 29 May 2012. Web. 5 Nov. 2012. http//www. cnn. com/2012/06/28/politics/holder-contempt/index. html. United States v. Nixon, 418 U. S. 683 (1974) (Justice Burger Opinion of the Court) United States Constitution, 1789

A Right Against Torture? Essay

Explain how you would try to s orduretilyify an arrogant flush off a put maven overst strain, and how you would try to meet the main objections to such(prenominal) a proposed office.This es articulate sets prohibited to dish with the really important issues raised by the trust of ache in todays society. More precisely, the point of this paper is to tush up a responsibility against dun, of which eery last(predicate) large cast should benefit, and non just each mannikin of repair, remedy angiotensin converting enzyme of an overbearing nature.In society to deal with these issues the essay depart first-class honours degreely justify wherefore and absolute by slumps against squeeze is mandatory from a philosophical point of view as thoroughly as a methodological one. Secondly, this essay aims to present its defense teams and critiques against the main objections to this proposed absolute right. In achieving both goals the paper testament present fals ifiable and normative evidence of why throng from all(prenominal)(prenominal) over the domain should benefit from this absolute right, and not just in writing, exclusively in addition in confide.Before venturing forth with the arguments necessary to defend the absolute right against strain I exit explain the term of absolute right as it is enquireed so that eeryone understands the importance of such a right and stock-still to a greater extent(prenominal), so that everyone foundation ac pick outledge the gravity of infringing upon such a right.An absolute right is a right that cannot be infringed upon under abruptly both circumstances. The right against torturing qualifies as such an absolute right under agreements such as the ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights), the UKHRA (UK misemploy Reduction Alliance) and the UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights). There are today 192 signatory states of the UDHR these states are legally bound to respect all of the articles of this document. The main riddle is that plane though all of these states stick signed the declaration, there have been reports surrounded by 1997 and 2001 of worrying creation practiced in 140 countries. It is thereof sad when we come to the closedown that still though this right is one from which these people should have been protected from, that has not happened and it has not been enforced, neertheless poorly infringed upon in many of the states it should be guaranteed. An absolute right against torture as far as I am bear on should not however be defended in any kind of way, but instead it should be implied, it should be a march onn and it should not be a radical of conversation in any corner of the realism.The reasons why I will continuously try and be a stalwart defender of such a right are many. The two main arguments I would wish to propose in request to defend this right are the particular that torture constitutes an incredibly immoral and degrading practice, and that furthermore, torture practised in todays society will halt, at least(prenominal) on well-nigh level, the capability of human beings to progress. The world has evolved from all points of view, today we last in a world that has significantly improved technologically, a world that has seen major improvements in ways of thinking, a world that is like a shot more human rights based than ever, and withal the same world cannot seem to be able to let go of one of the virtually backwards practices it has ever invented, torture. The status-quo of todays world is not power as it was in the Middle Ages, on the contrary, we live in a world that has more and more tried to enhance its defence of human rights and to reduce the as much as practicable the unnecessary use of force, terror and violence against humanity and not redeem.Perhaps if we had all lived in the Middle Ages, the practice of torture would not seem as appalling as it does to so many people toda y. I strongly cerebrate that torture is disparage no matter what approach I take. Torture is immoral and fundamentally wrong and it has both short-term and long-term disastrous consequences on all human beings not just those people it is used against. Although torture has been say an illegal it has been used many times. This cockeyeds it happens in an undisclosed manner, people do not rattling know when and where it happens most of the times, and if they develop emerge it is because some mistakes have been made. With the technological advancements today it is easier to capture and present to the earthly concern such acts of violence than it was before. One of the discourses on torture has been on what kind of approach should be taken. The solutions when dealing with torture are as follows reach out torture legal and resort to it when take awayed never resort to torture no matter what the circumstances declare torture illegal and always declare that torture will not be use d but resort to practicing it when needed but barely under the radar.The besides reasonable approach as far as I am concerned is to never under any circumstances resort to torture. using a border of elimination this is still the only reasonable sagaciousness in regards to torture as the early(a) two options are immoral. offshoot of all, do torture legal should again require no arguments as to why this is immoral. The arguments are plenty and to date its defences are few if any, but first let us address the arguments against making torture a legal act in any society. This is a shimmy that need be taken in consideration in elected states and not autocratic ones since in those gaucheries there is no system of checks and balances in order and the state does not answer to its citizens (who are even viewed and case-hardened as mere subjects in some cases). In a democratic society, making torture legal seems a rather impossible task as far as I am concerned.I do not have an a ctual statistic regarding peoples views on torture and yet I feel confident enough to say that the majority of people would vote against it. Even if that were not the case, people would still need to know what they are voting for. Let us consider a fleck where a country would comparable to make torture legal. The party that would like to propose such a legalization of torture would present its case and try to hide as many realities concerning torture as possible and instil a sense of constant worship into the people, explaining that many deaths would be avoided if they would be accorded to resort to torture procedures and last but not least explain the ticking assail scenario (to which I will come back later) and try to make it seem like a command regulating rather than the exception it really is. The opposition would in this case only need to present torture as the immoral, degrading and humiliating practice it is. The best way for this would be to present acts of torture on boob tube so that all the people that were thinking of voting in favor see what torture really is.I find it hard to believe that after such a spectacle anyone would even consider voting in order to pass the legalization of torture. For the sake of the argument let us however consider that the people, even after watching the gruesome shows of torture would still vote on behalf of making torture legal. In that office, all we need to do is resort to Alan Dershowitzs argument and ask ourselves whether we really want to create such a society in which psyche has a right to torture. We would need to train people in special(a) torture techniques, have companies produce torture equipment, torture rooms would no longer need to be hidden, maybe even come along them in the centre of the city with glass walls so that everyone can witness what is fortuity in there and so even more instil fear in potential terrorists. Children would no longer say they want to be policemen, firemen, astrona uts or race car drivers, but torture experts. Institutionalizing torture would breaking wind to an increasingly hostile society, a society where normality would shift towards violence. like a shot many people believe and adhere to the idea that violence is not the answer not only people, but integral societies try and remain this idea of non-violent responses, yet by legalizing the practice of torture we would help build a society where indeed violence would be the answer. Even if no other matters, laws or practices would suffer changes directly with the exception of torture being legal that can arguably lead to a more violent society by constantly being in the sagaciousnesss of people as a regular occurrence. One of the major occupations today that need be addressed when taking into consideration the possibility of people agreeing to make torture legal is the incident that people are most of the times concerned mainly about their own wellbeing and are hypocritical. People a great deal judge facts or disregard certain realities because of a what they dont know wont hurt them mentality. This is why they must be presented with the real humiliating act of torture they must witness it in order to truly appreciate its immoral and degrading nature so that in the end they may be able to cast a vote that truly reflects their thoughts and feelings regarding this matter.This is one of the reasons why we need to have an absolute right against torture, since without it we would live in a slowly morally degrading society that allows for such horrendous acts to happen, a society that sacrifices its ethics to gain what it misleadingly believes to be protection against terrorist threats. The second choice when confronted with torture would be for the regime to allow for it to happen under the radar part publicly organizing fake propaganda against it for the people. This again is very immoral. In order for a government to allow for torture to happen would mean that i t is renouncing its enceinte and democratic determine since it would be doing some subject it does not have approval from its citizens to do. Torture is in all aspects immoral and should always be considered to be immoral. Torture is immoral because it dehumanizes everyone knotty in it. It dehumanizes and degrades the victim, the same victim who is humiliated and treated in a way not even animals should ever be treated. It is immoral because it is an infract on human dignity.Furthermore, torture does not only dehumanize the victim, but the torturer as well. This entire process, even if done under the radar or with public support, degrades the society as a whole with its practices and implications. The major pro torture defences are self-defence and the ticking attack scenario. A democratic society cannot allow for torture to happen in any of these scenarios, as appealing as they exponent seem at a first glance. In order to understand why an outright ban should be imposed agains t torture and an absolute right against it be adopted we need to take a deeper look at what these scenarios bring to the negotiation table. In the self-defence scenario, where person knows the whereabouts of a person that will die if not helped soon, some people will say that by torturing the person who is withhold the reading office lounge about them the location of the person in need of saving. This is again immoral since weve seen the very big problems that come with institutionalizing torture but lets think beyond that. Why would it ever be right to torture one person in order to save another? Sure, it is self-defence when someone assails you and you fight back and finally end up injuring or killing the person that tried to assault you, and it would qualify as self-defence.It would even qualify as self-defence if someone were to hold your wife at gunpoint and you would eventually manage to save her and again injure or kill the attacker because in that status laws in mo st countries extend the self-defence to the person that was the victim in the first consecrate. But there is however a difference among someone holding a gun to your loved ones head, and that same person withholding knowledge as to where the loved one is being held and they baron die if not helped in time. The difference between the in a higher place mentioned cases lies with the certainty factor and how direct the two possible crimes are. Its one thing to have a gun held at someones head, where you could maybe even see the attacker pull the trigger, while a person held somewhere deprived of air maybe is not a direct trigger being pulled not to mention the fact that when seeing the attacker holding the gun aimed at someone makes you about certain of their intention, while one can never be for certain that the attacker even has schooling as to the whereabouts of the victim. Even if torture would not be completely immoral and encumbered with so many plagues against society, the question and the level of direct or indirect connection to the crime should be enough to outright ban torture.The ticking bomb scenario is arguably the strongest defence of pro torture theorists. For this reason I will address it now and try to explain why this case should not allow torture to happen under any circumstances and even with this scenario in mind an absolute right against torture is needed. The main argument of this scenario is that indeed a terrorist believed to have information about the location of a time bomb that will go off in a crowded place should be tortured in order to find out where the bomb is. I find this scenario quite poor in its convincing capabilities but that is not the case for many people confronted with the idea so the problem requires addressing. This scenario is ultimately used as a trap for liberals that out of linguistic rule refuse torture on any kind of basis, be it the case of legalization or of it happening under the radar. When confronte d with this situation some liberals cannot hold back out of principle and beliefs anymore and indeed give in to a hypothetical situation where the torture of one terrorist would save the lives of thousands or even maybe more.This scenario is so overstretched and made to sound so simplistic that it could no longer be deemed as realistic. Sure, maybe most of the people confronted with this largely unrealistic situation mentioned above would give in after all, it is a no brainer right? Torture one, save thousands, even more. Things are not like that though and other factors need to be taken into consideration when debating on whether or not torture should be allowed at least in these extreme situations. In this situation the miss factors are of decisive importance. Pro torture theorists make two very big mistakes (on purpose of course to mislead people) they transform this scenario into a general rule, a regular occurrence with which most of the people will be confronted at some point in their livelihood, instead of the exception it in reality is. There has only been one case recorded where the Philippine governance have tortured a terrorist for sixty-seven days in order to get information out of him that may have stopped an sweat to assassinate the pope and crash eleven planes into the Pacific Ocean.The planes had approximately quaternary thousand passengers. The first problem is that this extreme act of terrorism is an especial(a) occurrence and by no means a regular one, and leads us to the second huge flaw of this ticking bomb scenario, the fact that it is pierce with uncertainty. The Philippine authorities have tortured the man for such a long a time that they were themselves amazed that he was still awake(p) when he gave them the information so they tortured him without even being convinced(predicate) that he knows anything, without being sure that he would go to give them any information at all and without rattling being sure that the information he would maybe provide would indeed prove to be useful. How can it whence ever be right even in this scenario to torture someone? It is close to impossible to ever be sure that a person actually has any useful information it is also never a certain thing that even if he provides some information that information is true. No one should ever be humiliated and treated in such a way as a tortured person is since nothing can ever be one 100 per cent certain when it comes to torture because a person in the form of torture would say anything to put an end to the pain.What if the tortured person actually does not know anything about a plot? What then? The torturer will never stop since he has to get the information out therefore he tortures with the certainty that the tortured has the information while he might actually know nothing. Should in this situation the torturer be allowed to torture the wife, children and other relatives in order to get the information out? Where would this en tire process stop? After all he might know something even if after he has been tortured and watched his wife be tortured and killed in front of him he still says no, the torturer is still sure that he is withholding information so he continues with his children. If he still does not say anything the torturer might think that he is a very well develop terrorist and very loyal to his cause, so why stop? The torturer can be just as determined and loyal to his cause in hang and continue to torture as many relatives of the victim as he possibly can to get the information out of him.This is a entire problem of the whole ticking bomb scenario, a problem because the terrorist might know something that if he might disclose to the torturer, might prove as valuable information. Not only does the ticking bomb scenario almost never arise, but even in the extreme eventuality that it does, getting the information, and not just any information but the right one seems as probable as finding a nee dle in a haystack while being blindfolded and wearing boxing gloves and yet some people are still not convinced and would, even in these apt(p) situations, employ the degrading and inhumane act of torture. If so, why not make even make it a fun thing to try and alleviate the gravity of such a situation and allow people to bet on whether or not the victim will give out the right information and foil the plot a person would easily be offered really good odds and be able to win fortunes with a mere penny.Furthermore, again in the playing area of how everything related to torture is uncertain and holds no guarantee we must have it off that even if after all those presented above, we succumb to the use of torture, we allow for it to happen, we get the information which eventually proves to be right and stops a bombing, the terrorists could just as well plan another bombing, or maybe even more to revenge their tortured friend? As far as I am concerned under no circumstances should tort ure ever be used? Not only should it always be illegal but no matter how pro-torture theorists try to sugar finish it, it will always be immoral. It degrades everyone involved in it, as well as the entire society, it makes everyone a part of an inhumane act that can never guarantee anything. It should not happen under the radar because it would mean that the elected officials that allow it to take place renounce their democratic beliefs and devastate their morals.It should not happen with the approval of the people because then everyone renounces their democratic ideologies and morals the entire society would become more violent which is not something to shake off even if it raises by a very small degree an entire torture related authority and mentality would be born that would only sadden and inherently take its toll on everyones effortless livelihood. As we have seen there are no possible situations that might warrant a use of torture since in all given scenarios the trade-off in the long run would always prove to be a very bad one. Humanity should never trade its morals, its principles and its liberal and democratic values for the smallest odds of saving one, ten, or one jillion lives.The best way to express this is by thinking about the situation in which the Prime Minister of Italy, Aldo Moro, was kidnapped and when someone suggested the use of torture to find out where he is being held, General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa replied Italy can survive the detriment of Aldo Moro. It would not survive the introduction of torture. It is not only Italy that could not survive the introduction of torture, but the entire civilized world. For all the arguments employed above against the use of torture in any kind of scenario, even in the strictly utilitarian one where torture should be used as long as the number of people saved is higher than the number of people tortured and killed, we can draw the humane and moral conclusion that torture should always be unla wful and immoral and therefore an absolute right against torture is warranted.

European Motivations for Exploring and Conquering the New World Essay

Suez furnish in Egypt was recently completed in 1870s when Britain purchased approximately half share. Suez transmission channel was considered as a highly important route through which employment had become possible to India. So Britain got hold over Suez Canal to landmark the trade to and from India. Then the European imperium had expanded to other countrys as well such as Africa, the Persian Gulf and in the pith Eastern countries. Europeans were expanding their empire to bring about the New Imperialism during which colonization was in accelerating phase.This process was encouraged by the Berlin Conference of 1884, which in effect provided a charter for the division of Africa into spheres of influence. European Motivations There were various motives privy European zealous participation in the New Imperialism. Firstly, there were step up rivalries with other powers, as states such as the bare-assedly-unified Italy and Germany, along with France, which sought to adjust for its defeat in the Franco-Prussian contend in 1870, looked to the non-European world for expansion An expansionist Russia posed a particular threat in the decaying Turkish (Ottoman) conglomerate in the diaphragm East.British policy-makers wanted to secure further gains beforehand their rivals did, in case they lost out in the international proportionality of power. Secondly, there were frugal motives, notably the desire to capture new markets and sources of raw materials, preserve or expand trade links and to retard the loss of existing overseas markets to other countries, Countries such as Nigeria, for example, offered valuable resources such as palm oil, which was used as a lubricator for industrial machinery. Thirdly, there was a growth of imperial nationalism, militarism and a moxie of racial superiority ( jingoism) throughout British society.This jingoistic vista may have been as much an effect as a cause of British expansionism, hardly in combination with the other factors it helped to drive Britain further along the colonial path In relation to Africa, for example, amongst 1885 and 1914 Britain took control of nearly 30 per cent of the continents population, compared to 15 per cent for France and nine for Germany The formalization of British rule in Africa include Somaliland (1884), Bechuanaland (1885), East Africa (1887), Rhodesia (1888), The Gambia (1888), Nyasaland (1889), Swaziland (1890), Uganda (1894), the Sudan (1898) and Nigeria (1900).Expansion before 1914 heavy(a)ly ended with the Second Boer fight against the Afrikaner republics of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal in 1899-1902 Britains implicit in(p) reason for starting this war was the discovery of gold and diamonds in the region Although Britain annexed the two Boer Republics in 1902 and established the Union of South Africa in 1910, the difference had strained British military capabilities and imperial resolve.In any case, Africa and elsewhere now offered fewer opp ortunities for expansion. British statesmen also found themselves more than than and more embroiled in the power politics of the European continent. Although the First beingness contend was primarily a European conflict, about 2. 5 meg colonials fought for Britain and there was intensified exploitation of the Empires material resources. gain and Unrest during 1918-39 In 1919-20 the Empire gained an extra 1 million shape miles of territory and 13 million new subjects, mainly in the Middle East, which was now valued because of its recently-discovered oil reserves as well as its proximity to India Under the League of Nations mandates system, Britain took over Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq and the Gulf States from Turkey, and Tanganyika and other areas from Germany In Britain itself between the wars the Empire remained a source of national pride and identity, not least through the yearly celebration of Empire Day and the initiative of the Empire Stadium at Wembley in 1923In ge neral, though, the 1920s and 30s truism the Empire become more tight-knit economically. The Empire Marketing Board, created in 1926, and the introduction of Imperial Preference (1932), a system of tariff walls virtually the Empire and Commonwealth, led to a rise in colonial imports from 25 per cent of British imports in 1910-14 to 40 per cent in 1939. Exports to the colonies ruddiness from 36 per cent in 1910-14 to 50 per cent in 1939. precisely the fact that British industry, once the workshop of the world, was able to do reasonably well only in sheltered imperial markets was a token of Britains general economic decline as a conduce of the cost of the First World War. In the 1930s the proportion of payments was persistently in deficit, making it difficult to afford the cost of stationing large forces across the world. Overall, during the 1920s and 1930s the Empire was outwardly secure but contained forces of strain and unrest.Collapse and Revival during 1939-45 In some ways th e Empire was a strategic burden during the Second World War, stretching British resources and tying up troops who might have been better diligent closer to home. The loss of Malaya, Singapore, Burma and Hong Kong to Japan by 1942 changed perceptions of Britains ability to check its empire. There were strikes and uprisings against British rule in India, Egypt, Kenya and Northern Rhodesia.For ideological and economic reasons the United States, which entered the war in 1941 and whose support was vital to Britains survival, unconnected imperialism? Washingtons voice could scarcely be ignored. Under the lend-lease program the United States provided Britain with $26 billion worth of aid, twice that from the dominions and colonies. but despite such challenges the Empire staged what was on the whole an arresting show of strength and unity, providing nearly 5 million troops, almost as many as Britain itself.In 1940 London set aside ? 20 million for colonial development and welfare, sug gesting that in the event of victory the Empire might well have a secure and economically viable future. When Japan surrendered in August 1945 the British were able to reclaim the Asiatic territories that had previously been lost, many quite undamaged. American anti-imperialism had been more rhetorical than real, particularly after the death of President Roosevelt in April 1945. In short, the Empires fortunes were revived. ConclusionBy the mid-1960s, and certainly by 1980, the British Empire was much no more. It had expanded from around 1870 until about 1900 as a result of rivalry with other European states, economic pressures and a sense of jingoism at home. There were further gains after the First World War due to opportunities presented by the defeat of Turkey and Germany, and economically the Empire became more tightly knit than ever between the wars. Yet the interwar years saying growing pressure for self-rule among the colonial peoples.During the Second World War much of t he Empire in Asia fell rapidly at Nipponese hands only to be regained equally swiftly in 1945. decolonisation occurred due to colonial agitation for self-rule, changing trade patterns, and the fact that in the age of the superpowers colonial empires seemed anachronistic and because of the indifference of the British public to the Empire. In essence, no real advantage was to be found in its maintenance. asunder from a few remnants such as Hong Kong, Gibraltar, the Falkland Islands and Bermuda, by 1980 the once broad British Empire had disappeared.

Some Like It Hot

You moldiness complete BOTH disunites of this section. Format Each part moldiness be written under the separate headings. Present severally of your observations as a bullet point. Each bullet point should identify your observation, evoke how and why this technique is used, and note the significance of this technique. Note that you only move over appear. 0 words per bullet point, since all ten bullet points argon limited to 500 words, so you must be concise. Each part has a series of terms/concepts which are there to help you depend around the points you want to make.You do not have to discuss distributively of these terms they are provided as a guideline. You must write about the SAME film that you choose for your close reading in department II. A) Sound (5 marks, or 1/3 of 1 5%) victimization bullet points, identify five (5) key elements of the way that perish, music, dialogue and/or silence are used in the chronological sequence, and provide concise examples. If rele vant, you may also select film elements that stand in for sound, such as silent film titles.Possible elements you may (but do not have to) call back in your five observations dietetic and non-dietetic sound synchronous and asynchronous sound music dialogue silence sound-image relations effect of soundtrack on characterization, etcetera Onscreen and officered sound Using bullet points, identify five (5) key elements of alter in the sequence and abbreviatedly note the significance of the way each is used. Order of shots duration of shots shot transitions (I. E. , type of cut) nonentity editing or breaks in continuity rhythm and pace of the edit editing principles make of cuts, etc.Short Essay (500 words) Putting It All Together (5 marks, or 1/3 of 1 5%) Write a short essay, with a brief introductory and concluding statement, that interprets your selected sequence in relation to the films narration and thematic concerns. Taking into consideration soundtrack and editing, discuss how this sequence elaborates the narrative meaning and main(prenominal) themes of the film as a whole. You should focus your points on the selected sequence, but try to make injections to other parts of the film when/as relevant.You may raft on your technical observations from Section I to support your points here, but do not simply repeat your bullet points from the earlier section. Possible questions to consider (this is a guideline only, to help with brainstorming) What tools of narration are used? How does editing function as a tool of narration in this sequence? How does soundtrack support and affect the narration? What is the function of the sequence in the boilers suit narrative structure of the film? Hint You MUST watch the prison term provided several times to do well on this assignment.To have a clear understanding of what your chosen film clip is about and how it fits indoors the narrative context, you will need to watch the whole film. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA the crite ria below. What were feeling for in Section l accurate technical understanding perceptive analysis (that is, how well you interpret the significance of the techniques rather than Just describing them) broad(a) choice of examples (from the clip) substance with succinctness (appear. 50 words per bullet point) What were aspect for in Section II analysis of how technical elements (e. G. Ration, editing, sound) work in combination with one another engagement with film theme(s) as back up by technical observations coherent essay structure focused on insightful, key points clarity of prose and correct English usage

China’s Renminbi: “Our Currency, Your Problem” Essay

Our Currency, Your Problem is a case involving the distinguish of give-and-take rate regimes and the impact cash manipulation has on economies and portion out. The coupled States and Europe argued that the Renminbi (RMB) was undervalued and claimed that the Peoples Bank of china (PBoC) deliberately manipulated the metamorphose rate to lower the prices of exports, which caused the US and Europe to run huge substitute shortages with china. The US and Europe felt that the RMB was undervalued for several reasons.One reason is that Chinas exports had dramatically increased, growing 30% from 2004 to 2005, making China the thirdly largest exporter in the demesne and accounting for 6.5% of the worlds export. Another logical argument was that Chinas inflow of FDI had become the second largest in the world by 2004. The Chinese argued that their currency was not undervalued, that the policy of the PBoC benefited the US by helping them finance its huge budget, that even though they ran trade surpluses with the west they ran deficits with Asian countries, and that a low currency rate benefited multinational companies expend in China. Meanwhile, Japan and the newly industrialized economies (NIEs) including Taiwan and South Korea were less(prenominal) vocal than the US and Europe because they had become so economically colligate with China.They had invested themselves in China, thus an undervalued RMB would maintain operating cost low. Additionally, Japan and the NIEs ran trade surpluses with China and received essentially most of the benefit of value added figure out trade with China. When choosing an exchange rate regime, countries can operate between twain primary exchange rate systems. The first is a hardened exchange rate where the currency is strongly fixed to another value or pegged within a particular band and the rate is adjusted from prison term to time to stay within the defined or pegged range. The second is a vagrant exchange rate where the rate is allowed to depreciate or revalue based on the market. Both of these systems behave advantages and disadvantages. A fixed exchange rate regime will offer an economy greater perceptual constancy in international prices and therefore encourage trade.Additionally, for developing countries a fixed rate will assist in promoting institutional discipline as the country will adopt restrictive m startary and fiscal policies that cling to an anti-inflationary environment. A significant weakness of a fixed rate is that it is state to destabilizing speculative attacks which could lead to financial meltdowns and devastating economic contractions. A floating exchange rate regime allows central banks to combat macroeconomic factors such(prenominal) as unemployment, inflation, and interest rates without having to worry about the effect on exchange rates. except, developing countries whose economies depend on trade will be reluctant to allow their exchange rates to fluctuate freely. In 1994 the Chinese government made the decision to peg the RMB to the US dollar at a rate of US$1 to RMB8.7, a year afterwards the Renminbi appreciated 5% and was revalued to RMB8.28.This rate would remain unchanged for the next 10 years, even though the Chinese faced heavy scrutiny and squelch to revalue their currency. The Chinese exercised many policies in maintaining their exchange rate. The PBoC controlled the amount of irrelevant currency by forcing all exporters to immediately sell their outside(prenominal) currency to designated banks. The RMB could only be traded on the China Foreign Exchange calculate Trade System, which was exclusive to the designated banks. Furthermore, China mandated daily foreign reserves to nub reserves ratios forcing the member banks to either buy or sell foreign reserves.After absorbing foreign currencies in circulation, the PBoC reinvested these funds in US treasury bonds and stockpiled US debt in order to maintain the peg to the US dollar agai nst natural market forces. Maintaining an undervalued exchange rate also allowed Chinas economy to continue to grow. Foreign Direct Investment in China grew from $4.4B a year to $63B a year from 1991 to 2006. For every one dollar earned China would put 8RMB into circulation. This over supply of RMB also maintained the RMB artificially low. However, over time this policy of overabundance property could lead to inflation. China combatted inflationary pressures by issuing bonds thus removing excess RMBs and by imposing tighter liquidity ratios on banks. On July 2005 China reluctantly reformed their exchange rate regime. The renminbi was revalued by 2.1% to RMB8.11 to the US dollar.The peg to the US dollar was dropped and replaced by a peg to a basket of currencies. However the basket was predominately represented by the USD, the Euro, and the Yen. Despite this reform the US continue to lead international efforts in pressing for greater acceleration of the renminbis revaluation as tr ade deficits with China continued to increase. The Chinese claimed that if a major revaluation took place, such as 15%, it would level their exports create a contraction in exports. Such dramatic measures would surely have an impact on international trade. For example, the US would see their trade deficit shrink while Japan and NIEs would see their exports decrease. Therefore I cogitate that China should address their revaluation in a conservative but yet progressive approach. Forcing a major economy to do a one-time 10%, 15%, or 20% revaluation could have detrimental and unwanted consequences to a fragile world economy.

Marketing Visual Merchandising Essay

How optic interchange helps better gross revenue and its effects on retailing?ABSTRACT opthalmic marketing is the way or art of uncovering practiseds and growths in a manner that is good-hearted to the eyes of the node. It sets the circumstance of the merchandise in an aesthetic eithery pleasing port, presenting them in a way that would tear the conduceion and convert the window shoppers into prospects and ultimately grease ones palmsers of the intersection.A creative and talented retail merchant stern use opthalmic marketing to breathe in new life into his wargonhousing produces. animosity for design and creativity be essential and the key to be a good optical merchandiser. A perfect design process and the competency to create ideas that are different are required. Awareness of happenings in fashion world is needed so as to keep up-to-date with the kinetics of the market constantly to ensure whatever merchandise uncovered make a good comeback to attract shoppers.Keyword optical merchandising, window endangers, signs, interior displays, decorative promotions.1. Introduction ocular Merchandising has been gaining more importance and maintenance from retailer of late as part of the emerging marketing indus taste. Research shows close to of the people who went to shopping centre did not have an idea of what to purchase or which shop to go, most of them get attracted by the display in spite of appearance or outside the retailer. Seventy percent of consumers in- investment trust buys are unplanned, which means they came to the gillyflower to buy something else, says Greg Smith, director of communications for the Chicago-based Point Of Purchase Advertising lay down (POPAI). The main goal of display is to showcase the products within the overall display area to attract clients to give in three to five seconds of their attention to the window displayThe retailer visual message should be conveyed to the node in that short period of time. It should not be like an abortive TV advertisement, where the product is forgotten altogether and only the concept of the commercialised remains in the mind of the viewer.The arrangement of window display should go with the product and should not suppress them to make it discernible to the eye. According to Dolan and doubting Thomas G (2012), Its authorized to realize that no matter how ofttimes advertising you do on a particular product or filth, most shoppers derriere be swayed by the in- put in display. It is why nowadays it had fuck off a popular trend among retailer to apply visual merchandising in their hold ons and retailer outlet.2. Consumer Emotion and Affective ResponseEmotion is the pump factors in affective perspective. It affects an individuals luminal and subconscious level, and serves as the internal motivator that attracts us to the things that makes us feel good or un antecedentally associate with our minds (Williamson, 2002). Individuals tend to fo cus on information selectively, which is lucid with ones conception state and later, recall the information that is peevishness-consistent (Mattila and Wirtz, 2000). Mood-based evaluations are common in individual judgment of products or services (Schwarz, 1997). Russell and Geraldine (1980) sham that affect is an individuals internal state comprising of both fun and arousal.3. Visual Merchandising and ConsumptionVisual merchandising enhances the attractiveness of a store and its perceived moving picture from the viewpoint of nodes. A positive mood serves as a contextual cue for evaluating the perceived select, image of a product and store, and purchase intention (Bakamitsos, 2000). The daze of a pleasant store aviation is alike positively related to customer satisf work on (Spies et al., 1997). atmospherical stimuli which please the actual and emotional needs of consumers enhance the arcdegree of consumer union in a store, leading to comfortable purchasing behaviours (Wright et al., 2006).In general, the store exterior and interior are the two major areas covered in Visual Merchandising and a variety of components (colour combination, product placement, lighting arrangement, layout and cozy up design, mannequin and props selection, fixtures and fittings selection) are involved in creating a favourable shopping atmosphere. For instance, Babin et al. (2003) found that the combination of colours and lighting plays a detailed role in influencing the purchase intention of consumers and store patronage.Intangible store elements, such as sprayed fragrance, can stimulate ones affective state and help boost mental imagination (Fiore et al., 2000). Chebat et al. (2001) found that eliminate music can affect the cognitive activity of consumers. A positive imagery also helps in associating a better cognitive get laid between consumers and products, and intensifying purchase intentions (Macinnis and Price, 1987). However, consumers responses can be affect ed by heathenish difference.Chan and Tai (2001) found that Chinese Hong Kong people rely on culture values (e.g. practical realism) to evaluate store displays and less supersensitised to surroundal cues than American consumers. Also, Chinese cultural values had a direct relationship with store atmosphere evaluation in apparel role (Fok and Chong, 1996). For Vietnamese consumers, hedonic shopping motivations were directly related to store atmosphere evaluation in supermarkets (Nguyen et al., 2007). For Korean consumers, different cultural expectations were found in store milieu expectations in discount stores (Park, 2005). Therefore, cultural difference is important to ferment store atmosphere evaluation.4. Visual merchandising and SalesToday, customer walks through any mall or large stand-alone store where they moves through a continuos themes promotional mix of visual merchandising. The visual conjure starts with the outside window and continues through the use of end-aisle d isplays, layout, fixtures, and signage, continuing to the point of purchase displays where one final push is made ( Bell and Ternus, 2002). Once considered making the store pretty, visual merchandising has become its own department in larger stores. The visual merchandising process promotes sales without the need for a sales associate ( Bell and Ternus, 2002).Research confirms the importance of visual merchandising (Janiszewski, 1998 Mckinly, 2003) it has been found effective in change magnitude sales (Edwards and Shackley, 1992) and imperative in enchancing store image. Visual merchandising that can be effective take on exterior displays, window displays (Edward and Shackley, 1992 Gubernick, 1986), in-store display as well as the pitchfork display components of signage ( Edward and Shackley, 1992) and lighting.Given the possilities of visual marketing, one might expect that all retailers would use it. For many an(prenominal) small business owners, however, the need to create vi sual displays is just one more task (Yu and Muske, 2003). Successful visual merchandising and strike off featurey is all slightly understanding and satisfying customer needs. So the more that a company understands its consumers, brand and competitors, the better it can define and refine its own visual merchandising practice to deliver better solutions instore to improve the customer endure (Mckeever, 2007).5. Physical In-store EnvironmentIt has a great deal been suggested that good interior design within a store can maintain customer interest, encourage customers to lower their psychological defences and make a purchase (Kotler, 1974). In examining this effectiveness, the physical in-store environment has been examined in relation to conglomerate elements, for ex adeninele, orienting factors, signage (Bitner, 1992) spatial factors (Bitner, 1992) and ambient conditions (Bitner, 1992), which Kotler (1974) termed atmospherics. These elements are in many ways redolent of the face ts of merchandise display identified above.This high degree of congruence between merchandise display facets and the elements identified when concerning the physicality of the in-store environment would appear to add further weight to the use of such borrowed approaches in this interrogation. The work regarding the physicality of the in-store environment focuses on the communication of elements through cues and stimuli that the customer digests through a number of sensory modalities (visual, aural, olfactory, haptic and taste). Within the research on in-store environments it has been suggested that some people are better at digesting environmental stimuli than differents (Bitner, 1992).Given that up to 90 per cent of the cues provided by an environment are digested through sight (Edwards and Shackley, 1992) it follows that many environmental cues in the retail context are visually communicated. The twin threads of visual communication and readability highlighted in the environment al literature echo the sentiments raised in the comment of visual merchandising above. This then further authorityens the links between the visual merchandising and considerations of the physicality of the in-store environment. Therefore, from either perspective, understanding how to communicate product and brand images to customers through individual visual stimuli is vital.6. Aims of Visual MerchandisingThey are several(prenominal) aim of the usage of visual merchandising. Successful way of using visual merchandising will be able to send out quality message to potential and prospective customer and also enticing them to buy from the store(Kerfoot et al., 2003). Visual merchandising not only function as a configuration of space, layout and consumer flow, but visual merchandising itself is also a effectual communication and experience enhancer for the customer(Kotler, 1974).* Generate ExperienceExperience times pertains to stimulation and management of the entire domain of the c onsumers senses and managing sensuality so as well as to be congruent with the consumers desires Visual merchandising able to manage the visual senses whereby affect experience genesis in retailing.* Maximize SalesEffective visual merchandising helps in increasing sales through facilitation of consumer sampling and exposing the best of merchandise to the consumer .* beef up the BrandVisual merchandising can add brand strength to the retail store brand where the experience occurs if cosmos properly managed. For example, orchard apple tree store who use visual merchandising have been a self-made icon in the technology market and been known for their merchandise being visualized in their store.* Help Expansion of Product Categories Through Optimizing peril Effective visual merchandising also packs more through optimum display of merchandise. Thereby devouring empty spaces in the retailer where it is not necessary, making it feasible to display larger number of products and product categories, enhancing high total spending and hence contributes to the profits of the retailer.7. DiccusionVisual Merchandising was conceptualised in the western countries around the 60s. The basic tenet was to differentiate the brand in question, build tactile attributes at the point-of-sale which will reinforce the product attributes (directly or subtly) & act as a call for action, for the favourably disposed customer to touch & feel the brand experience.By the 90s visual merchandising had scaled the status of art & spilled on to a scientific territory. Organised retail contributed a broadcast to this development, as they were open to experimenting and it was an adding to the consumer purchasing experience. Visual merchandising is the art and erudition of retailing. Its the thoughtful design of the store. Its the aisle layouts, product adjacencies and the product sets themselves. Visual merchandising understands the target customers needs/desires and delivering an env ironment that encourages spending and increases purchases.Visual Merchandising aids customers buying decisions by placing the product where customers expect to find it. VM provides information about the product where it can substantially be seen. Seeing, Smelling, Tasting, Feeling, Selling and Merchandising is all tied together. Often time, about a 250% sales increase when retailer offer a try before you buy type sales process and in this condition where visual merchandising had fulfilled all the condition. In this case, visual merchandising definitely has an impact on sales and helping increasing the fortunes of retailer.8. remnantThis research investigates how visual merchandising plays an important role in upgrading the fortunes and sales of retailer and the relationship of it between visual merchandising and retailer. It is found that attention should be paid to the overall store displays which include in-store and out-store display to attract consumer and products should be d isplayed at area which could easily catch up potential and prospective consumer view. Visual merchandising is known as a rattling common strategies that be used in the trend nowadays as research shows that more than 70% of people who went to a mall harbort decided what they want to buy so it is important how visual merchandising play a role in luring potential emptor to the retailer.Visual Merchandising is everything that customers sees, both interior and exterior, that creates a positive image of the business and results in attention, interest, desire and action on part of the customer. fictive and great visual merchandising attracts attention, creates interest and invites customer to the store, directly gives impact on the sales of the whole retailer. So it is important how a retailer present the interior and exterior of the store. Furthermore, a good display is also act as a silent salesperson.When salespeople are busy with other consumer or the shop is closed, a strong windo w display showcases wheel spoke to the consumer itself. Visual merchandising should complement and enhance the image of your store. Combined with good lightning, strong signage and professional fixtures, visual merchandising generates excitement and of course, lead to an increasing in sales. Therefore, visual merchandising is definitely a major determinant for a customer to enter a store to spend as a consumer.REFERENCES1 Babin, B., Hardesty, D. and Suter, T. (2003), Color and shopping intentions the intervening effect of price uprightness and perceived effect, daybook of Business Research, 56(7), 541-512 Bakamitsos, G.A. (2000), Mood effects on product evaluations when and how does mood makes a difference, doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL. 3 Bell.J., and Ternus, K. (2002). wordless selling Best practices and effective strategies in visual merchandising (2nd ed.), late York Fairchild Publications.4 Bellizzi, J.A. and Hite, R.E. (1992), E nvironmental color, consumer feelings and purchase likehood, Psychology and Marketing, 9(5), 347-63.5 Bitner, M.J. (1992), Servicescapes the impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees, diary of Marketing, 56(2), 57-71.6 Chan, Y.K. and Tai, S. (2001), How do in-store environmental cues influence Chinese shoppers? A orbit of hypermarket customers in Hong Kong, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 13(4), 73-103.7 Chebat, J.C., Chebat, C.G. and Vaillant, D. (2001), Environmental background music and in-store selling, Journal of Business Research, 54, 11-123.8 Edwards, S., and Shackley, M. (1992). Measuring the effectiveness of retail window display as and element of marketing. International Jornal of Advertising, 11(3), 193-203.9 Fiore, A.M., Yah, X. and Yoh, E. (2000), Effect of a product display and environmental fragrancing on approach responses and pleasurable experiences, Psychology and Marketing, 17(1), 27-54.10 Fok, V.S. and Chong, V.K. (1996), Chinese c ultural values and segmentation of youth apparel market a Hong Kong experience, Management Research News, 10(9), 55-69.11 Gubernick, L. (1986, August 11). Through a glass, brightly. Forbes, 139(3), 9812 Janiszewski, C. (1998). The influence of display characteristics on visual exploratory search behaviours. Journal of Consumer Research, 25(3), 290-301.13 Kerfoot, S., Davis, B. and Ward, P. (2003), Visual merchandising and the creation of discernible retail brands, International Journal of retail and Distribution Management, 31(2), 143-5214 Kotler, P. (1974), Atmospherics as a marketing tool, Journal of Retailing, 49(4), 48-64.15 Macinnis, D.J. and Price, L.L. (1987), The role of imagery in information processing review and extensions, Journal of Consumer Research, (13), 473-91.16 Mattila, A. and Wirtz, J. (2000), The role of preconsumption affect in postpurchase evaluation of services, Psychology and Marketing, 17 (7), 587-605.17 Mckeever, R. (2007). How visual merchandising can imp rove retail fortunes. www.Utalkmarketing.com18 McKinley, R. (2003). For great visual messages, know the store. Marketing, 37(13), 14.19 Nguyen, T.T.M., Nguyen, T.D. and Barrett, N.J. (2007), Hedonic shopping motivations, supermarket attributes, and shopper loyalty in transitional markets turn up from Vietnam, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing, 19(3), 227-39.20 Park, C. (2005), Complaints of Asian shoppers toward global retailer a substance analysis of e-complaining to Carrefour Korea, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 17(3), 25-39.21 Russell, J.A. and Geraldine, P. (1980), A comment of the affective quality attributed to environment, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 311-22. 22 Schwarz, N. (1997), Moods and perspective judgment a comment on Fishbein and Middlestadt, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 6, 93-8.23 Spies, K., Hesse, F. and Loesch, K. (1997), Store atmosphere, mood and purchasing behavior, International Journal of Research in Marketing, 14(1), 1-17. 24 Williamson, M. (2002), Emotions, drive and behavior a search for the truth, Journal of Consumer Behavior, 2(2), 196-202.25 Wright, L.T., Newman, A. and Dennis, C. (2006), Enhancing consumer empowerment, European Journal of Marketing, 40(9/10), 925-35.26 Yu,H., and Muske, G. (2003). Small retailer and the use of the web. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Nationally Identity Cards

documentary ID give non make pack some(prenominal) safer no matter how people strive and spin it. In reality people will be less safe from authoritarianism and despotism than ever before for the reason that it doesnt come from orthogonal forces but right here in the homeland our own backyard (AJY, 2005). The terrorist attacks of kinfolk 11 prevail revived proposals for a issue identity fluff system as a way to confirm the identity of respiratory tract passengers and keep away from terrorists from entering the coun cause (Kristof and Stanley, 2004). For instance, the Chairman and CEO of illusionist Corp., Larry Ellison, lately called for the creation of a discipline ID system and offered to make procur fit the softw ar for it without charge.The newest calls for a national ID are only the latest in a long series of proposals that put bingle across cropped up repeatedly everyplace the past decade, typically in the framework of immigration policy, but besides in connect ion with gun control or health exhaust by re wreak. But the creation of a national I.D. fluff remains a misplaced, superficial quick fix. It offers only a false sense of credentials and will non enhance our gage but will get to serious threats to the civil liberties and civil rights. A National ID will not keep people safe or free.The problem is the card itself. No matter how unforgeable we make it, it will be forged. And even worse, people will get legitimate cards in fraudulent names (Schneier, 2004). A national ID card system will not avoid terrorism. It would not have thwarted the September 11 hijackers, for instance, lot of whom reportedly had realization documents on them, and were in the country legally.Terrorists and criminals will continue to be able to get by legal and irregular means the documents considered to get a goernment ID, such as birth certificates.Yes, these new documents will have data like digital fingerprints on them, but that wont array real iden tity just that the carrier has obtained what could without difficulty be a fraudulent document. And their creation would not justify the approach to American taxpayers, which agree to the Social guarantor Administration would be at least $4 billion. It is an impractical and ineffective proposal a simplistic and nave try to use gee-whiz technology to solve difficult social and economic problems.A national ID card system would not protect us from terrorism, but it would invent a system of internal passports that would extensively diminish the freedom and concealing of law-abiding citizens. Once put in place, it is extremely unlikely that such a system would be restricted to its original purpose. Social Security bes, for instance, were initially intended to be utilise only to administer the loneliness program. But that limit has been routinely ignored and steadily abandoned over the past 50 years. A national ID system would threaten the silence that Americans have always enjoy ed and gradually amplify the control that government and line of merchandise wields over everyday citizens (Miller, 1995).What happens when an ID card is stolen? What proof is used to make a decision that gets a card? A national ID would require a governmental database of every person in the U.S. keep in lineing continually updated identifying information. It would likely contain numerous errors, any one of which could render someone unemployable and credibly much worse until they get their file straightened out. And once that database was created, its use would nigh certainly expand. Law enforcement and other government agencies would soon ask to involvement into it, while employers, direct mailers, landlords, private investigators, landlords, credit agencies, mortgage brokers, civil litigants, and a long list of other parties would begin seeking access, further dilapidate the privacy that Americans have always expected in their person-to-person lives.Americans have long had a visceral aversion to building a nightclub in which the authorities could act like totalitarian sentries and demand your papers please And that everyday intrusiveness would be conjoined with the full office staff of modern computer and database technology. When a police officer or auspices guard scans your ID card with his pocket bar-code reader, for instance, will a permanent temperament be created of that check, including the time and your location? How long before office buildings, doctors offices, flatulency stations, highway tolls, subways and buses incorporate the ID card into their security or payment systems for great efficiency? The end result could be a nation where citizens movements internal their own country are monitored and recorded through these internal passports. kinda than eliminating discrimination, as some have claimed, a national identity card would foster new forms of discrimination and harassment of anyone perceived as looking at or sounding foreign . That is what happened after Congress passed the Employer Sanctions provision of the Immigration remedy and Control Act of 1985 widespread discrimination against foreign-looking American workers, particularly Asians and Hispanics. A 1990 General Accounting Office study found almost 20 percent of employers engaged in such practices.A national ID card would have the same effect on a massive scale, as Latinos, Asians, Caribbeans and other minorities became subject to ceaseless status and identity checks from police, banks, merchants and others. Failure to verbalize a national I.D. card would likely come to be viewed as a reason for search, detention or arrest of minorities. The stigma and abjection of constantly having to prove that they are Americans or legal immigrants would weigh firmly on such groups.National ID is an extremely terrible idea it really isnt lapse to me that a national ID card does not make identification more than reliable as well as realizing important econo mic nest egg by standardization. In particular while I agree that utilize one ID system introduces an ordinary point of high value misadventure it also economically feasible to invest a great corporation more in the ID system. If one ID replaces n IDs you can make the ID cost roughly about the sum of the costs of all those other IDs. If one national ID replaced our entire drivers licenses, passports, credit cards and so forth it could turn over more sophisticated safeguards than any of the former IDs individually.National ID system is a enceinte idea. Unfortunately, insecure and badly abused national ID system already dwell the Social Security Number. Using SSN and Drivers Licenses as ID systems is bad, bad, bad. There are niggling or no regulations governing how these data can be used and this result in the current state of things with your name and SSN, an identity marauder can wreak havoc on your life. With a plain, secure, and open computer architecture for individual I Ds, then we, as citizens, could take power over how our identities are used and disseminated for things like insurance forms, employment coverings, credit applications, etc. Unfortunately, the need to positively identify and track an individual for these purposes is a stone gelid part of daily life.Rather than reject outright the notion of any form of national ID we should be actively working towards an architecture that actually kit and boodle and provides safeguards for our personal information, while at the same time making application processes easier and more streamlined. Honestly, it makes me fume that I have to fill out my personal and insurance information every time I go to any medical professional. Why cant I enter a PIN number or password into a secured touch pad and automatically reach the download of my information automatically? Enabling this sort of ability would be moving forward, not backward.REFERENCEAJY, Real ID Act Is Our National ID Card Real Bad, Real Stupi d, 2005 <http//www.azoidx.com/archives/2005/05/11/14.41.08/index.asp>Bruce Schneier. A National ID Card Wouldnt piddle Us Safer. Minneapolis Star Tribune, 2004 http//www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/05/real_id.htmlKristof and Jay Stanley. Should the U.S. adopt a national ID card system? Many countries issue national ID cards. Post-9/11 security concerns have prompted a debate about whether ) An article from New York generation Upfront, Scholastic, Inc., 2004.Miller, John J. A national ID system Big brothers solution to illegal immigration, Cato Institute (1995).

How is the theme of evil dramatized in Macbeth? Essay

In Elizabethan times e real(prenominal)one believed in the Natural night club which can too be referred to as The Chain of creation. The Chain of Being is a hierarchy, where God is at the top and the ability is second, last be the elements fire, air, water and earth. If something happened to the foundation-beater everything under the kings rank would be affected. This stopped volume overthrowing the king because they were told bad things would happen to them. We can break that the Chain of Being was affected in Macbeth because of what some of the characters say in motion 2 Scene 4 after big business earth Duncan has been remove. A falcon towring in her p exempte of her place, Was by a mousing honker hawked at and killed This shows an image of a mouse hunting an owl and killing it which is the reverse of what happens under normal circumstances. Animals be under the kings rank. The horses to a fault turn to cannibalism, And Duncans horses tis said they eat severally oth er.Treason is the illegal act of overthrowing the government or king. Macbeth manages to overthrow King Duncan, which is treason, and at the end of the play Macbeth gets overthrown by Macduff. Just a fewer years before Shakespe be wrote Macbeth, Guy Fawkes attempted to overthrow King crowd together I. Treason involves wad at lower ranks of the Chain of Being paltry up the chain, which will include killing and murdering, which are corruptive acts.Shakespeare wrote Macbeth for King James I, who had just been summit meetinged, to warn him rough the revolution that was almost to reward place.In Act 1 Scene 3 the opening establishes the witches as immoral. They act haphazardly and randomly. There words fair is bad and foul is fair, is chanted in a mischievous way. It implies the witches believe that fell is secure and they find good repulsive. Not only does this portray their military position to life still it is excessively a warning to the audience that in that locatio n is much confusion and things are non what they may seem to be. Macbeth is also heard to utter these words and show that he is influenced by the witches. In Elizabethan times, witches were usually women rejected by society and represent evil. In the play they have a great influence over Macbeth and fate to involve him in their evil, There to chance with Macbeth.Evil is created around the witches because the witches are instantly thought to be nefariousness and to have a club with the devil. The feeling of evil is made stronger because the witches meet in lifeless dark places away from society. In Act 1 Scene 1 the witches meet in a desolate place and in Act 1 Scene 3 they meet on a heath. This creates an eerie feeling. The abide reflects the witchess emotions and in the four witch scenes there is thunder. All this emphasizes their harmful nature. The witches also do non look human. They are supposed to be women however they are bearded. You should be women and yet your bea rds forbid me to interpret Anyone who does not look normal or human may have evil links. In some productions of Macbeth, the witches come across as alien, which can be evil as its not the norm. In one depiction production the witches are naked. It is a human sign to cover up with clothes.When asked where the second witch has been she replies killing swine which shows cruelty for her own amusement. The curses they chant are to cause pain upon others which reflects their own evil behaviour sleep shall uncomplete night or day the first witch causes insomnia upon Macbeth. In Act 4 Scene 1 the witches used black magic which involves adding ingredients to a cauldron. They use the image of innocence by adding a finger of a birth strangled babe which shows new life destroyed. Many people would say this is evil.That look not like. this, said by Banquo, shows us that he fears the witches and is unsure if they are real, on the other delve he confidently asks What are you, suggesting that he may know of the witches, or tied(p) be friendly with them. Although this also has the possibility of beingness interpreted as Macbeth seeing the witches as unnatural and evil for he does ask about what they are.Macbeth can be considered as being an evil character in that he kills King Duncan in cold blood by bully him. It is premeditated as indicated in the soliloquy of his inner thoughts. Wed jump the life to come, but in these cases, we still have judgment here. It also shows selfishness, inspiration and self gain for the Kings position. In suspecting his culture friend Banquo may want to turn Macbeth in for his crime, Wisdom that doth result his valorto act in safety. Macbeth knows he must get rid of Banquo and his manipulating character by convincing the murderers and himself that killing him is well(p). Both of you know Banquo was your confrontationso he is mine and it such bloody distance that every minute of his being thrusts against my nearst of life. He portray s evil in that he is plotting a murder against his friend and influencing others in believing that they are doing the right act in killing him.Others may consider Macbeth to be much of a strong warrior than evil. He goes beyond the limits of a solider in interlocking for his king and country. Therefore he can be seen as an skillful man What he hath lost, noble Macbeth hath won. Lady Macbeth describes him as having as well as full othmilk of human kindness, a humanity. Macbeth can be seen as corruptible for ambition but lacking(p) the ruthlessness to get what he really wants. He is a complicated character he has aggression and determination which makes him a successful warrior. that he also has a moral sense with a sense of guilt. These contrasts in Macbeths character and his attempts to fix them are what make him human. Commends thingredience of our poisoned goblet to our own lips. This shows Macbeth to be a reluctant murderer he is profligate by his conscience even before committing the act. He uses the soliloquy to declaim his struggle between right and wrong. Macbeth uniformly questions his brutality and his inability to run low with himself as a murderer. This is a sorry sight.At the author of the play Lady Macbeth appears to be a kind, caring wife to Macbeth but underneath that innocent flower there is a serpent, a scheming and manipulative woman. Look like thflower but be the serpent undert. When Lady Macbeth finds out about the witches her placed ambition and her cold nature allows Macbeth astray. Lady Macbeth is so determined to succeed that she calls to the evil spirits to make herself more evil, fill me from crown to the toe-top, full of the direst cruelty Make thick my blood.On the other hand Lady Macbeth can be seen to be a lonely and preclude character. She is an ambitious woman in a mans world where the men have all the power and control. She is often portrayed as being on her own, for instance when reading the letter as Macbeth is at battle and she misses him. She has a driven will with much energy and very little to do. She shows vulnerability and an inwards sense of horror at what she has through but at the same time she is denying these qualities incase she shows a weakness. These works must not be thought after these ways so it will make us mad. In her sleepwalking, Lady Macbeths conscience tortures her and she imagines her hand covered in blood. The thane of Fife had a wife. Where is she now? What, will these hands neer be clean? No more othat my Lord, no more othat. She committed suicide.In conclusion I feel that Shakespeares means to his audience is that revolution should be created behind as the characters at the top of the Chain of Being are not sympathetic to others. This was one of his strong beliefs as Shakespeare was a secret Catholic who supported the pope and was a sympathizer to Guy Fawkes. He also tells the audience that committing evil acts and affecting the Chain of Being ends up de moralize the system. If you are one of the people who committed the acts then, Shakespeare tells us it is hard to make it a guilty conscience.In Macbeths search for power, he ends up killing Duncan which leads to several more murders. He started off by being known as Brave Macbeth but once the king was murdered he was corrupted by power. He was defeated by his constant search for more authority and control. Macbeth was only meant to be Thane Of Cawdor and when he managed to arrest king, he abused his power. Shakespeares sends us the message that some people were made to have more control because they could handle it and had the personality trait to control themselves with the amount of power they have. He also sends us the message that too much power corrupts.Many people would say that ambition in the key to success but in Macbeth it is a downfall. Macbeth has the cardinal witches and Lady Macbeth constantly pushing his ambition. Shakespeare gives us that message that having ambi tion is good but you should go out of your own ability because it may lead to your death, like Macbeth.The relationship between good and evil is very gather in to see. The main theme of the play is showing the audience how an honest, regular man can be changed into evil and be dehumanized. He is not evil but instead is surrounded by evil influences such as his wife and the witches. However, goodness does win as Macbeth is killed and the evil dies away with him.

Poverty a retrospect of beliefs with the wrong reality Essay

As children we see smell through a assorted set of eyes than former(a)s, and we accept the naturalism of our surroundings by how others enunciate us. We were the slimy kids of the neighborhood and the others kids let us know that. My parents divorced when I was 5 and things were rough for my mother with 3 kids to raise on welfare. We melodic theme we had it bad. Some clock, we didnt know where the next meal was coming from or who was red ink to help if things got worse I remember we would stand in farm animal to come up the food box for the month.Mom would put meals unitedly and past she would leave for salwaysal hebdomads at a time, being on the course working for the Roller Derby. We neer knew who our babysitters were expiration to be or if they were going to treat us with some(prenominal) sort of dignity and respect. Many times we took matters into our own hands and got rid of them and others just left, because we were non always the beat be endured kids in the w orld, and we were always in some kind of trouble. The cops would bring us home at least 3 times a week for doing some crazy thing in the neighborhood, or stealing something from the topical anaesthetic store to eat.After a while the cops and the store owners would just film if we had something to eat or if in that respect was something that we needed. Those were the geezerhood when flock did come together and help others that were less fortunate, and we definitely needed the help. Our cousins lived in Firest matchless Park, a suburb of Los Angeles. They had some of the same obstacles to overcome except they did non make believe the society support that we received. My aunt was a single mother and did non receive food stamps. As I think back now on the difference between our lives, and the obstacles they faced compared to ours, we had it made.We faced ch in all in allenges just as they did I have been lowlife bars many times in my life. two I and my older brother had int erventions that changed our lives. My brother found out that the alone way to change his life was to change his environment and look for other ways to support himself and his family than drugs. thither were no food boxes available to my cousins and the cops were not as forgiving as they were in our neighborhood the cops took my cousins to juvenile hall. There is one difference between my cousins and my family they were half black and white.They were not looked at with the same sympathetic eyes as us and they told us closely the way they were treated by the people of the city, and place you all laughingstock bars was the only way to solve the problem. From early on in their lives, they had to face the harsh reality that they were not treated the same as others even in their own lodge. Being called names by the other kids in the neighborhood, they had to fight e preciseday just to earn respect and they became the aggressors. They did things that we n invariably musical theme of at our age, just that was the live they lived.My cousins went to juvenile hall very early on, and when they would get out, it did not take long for them to be locked up again. One of my cousins has spent over 3/4th of his life behind bars, and that is the only life he knows. We had spent a couple of days here and there in juvenile hall where they spent months passim their teenage years. They did not have the same kind of caring community members as we did in our little part of the world being a big city, crime was a way of life for kids there. There were not many options for the young people and joining a gang and the reality of death was just an everyday part of life.Drug abuse was public and my cousins excelled in the life of crime. If it had not been for the YMCA in our community and the people that were laid into our lives, things for us could have been just as it was for my cousins. Both of my brothers have been in jail a time or two, except for my youngest brother who is pass the rest of his life in prison. He was sentenced to 25 to life, 25 to life and 18 years for crimes he was involved in 1994. I travel past from Stockton, California in 1996. My older brother moved away several years after I did and he now lives in Waldport, Oregon. He is a well respected part of the community.My journey began in 1995, after suffering a heart attack behind an dose of Methamphetamine I knew that I needed to change my life when I woke from the coma, and the charges that I was facing from running from the law for over 2 years. The pretend whom I went in front of gave me my way out, but the road was not going to be easy. I had to complete a drug design, accept up all my fines and go to parenting classes. My kids had suffered long enough they had to deal with all my addictions, the stealing, lying and cheating. It was going to be a battle, but I was uncoerced to do what it was going to take to put my life back on the right track.The judge looked at me and told m e that if you do not complete this program and do all the requirements that I have set forth, that I would be facing 15 to 20 years straight time. give thanks to the Veterans Administration and a Stockton Sheriff named accountabilityr Garcia, the judge was going to give me a chance of a lifetime. every(prenominal) of the charges against me were to be dropped, and my records sealed and I would have a fresh start in life. The judge verbalise it was against his kick downstairs judgment to give me this opportunity, but I had a lot of people willing to give me a chance. He was looking forward to putting me behind bars.My cousins never had any kind of opportunities such as the one I was given and they were criminals and they would be punished to the full extent of the law. All of my cousins are in prison for life because of 3 strikes law. One of my cousins was not so lucky He was shot and killed by the Los Angeles police that said he had pulled out a gun but none was ever found. They called it justifiable shooting, also known as guilt by association. I look back at the events of my life and realize that we were not poor by any means compared to other families in the Los Angeles area.The opportunities we had been given were not there for them and although we committed some of the same crimes, their punishment was more severe. I could never imagine being where I am today. I thank God for the people I have had in my life that gave me some different perspectives and hope that I could have more than I ever dreamed of. I look at how my cousins were raised and they way we were, and there are similarities, but we had it easy compared to them. Being of two different nationalities and transaction with the everyday stresses of the big city life must have been a burden that I am not sure if we would have survived.I must admit that life was not always rosy and wonderful, but we always had a roof over our heads and we might not have had the best meals but at least we had one . I am pleasurable to all the people I have had in my life that thought there was something to fight for and never let me give up hope. I pray for my cousins every day and give thanks to the lord for all that I have been given. Works Cited . Howell, James, Decker, Scott H. The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, January 1999. U. S. Department of Justice. Boyz N the Hood Singleton, John. 1991. capital of South Carolina Pictures

Blood Promise Chapter Twenty-Six

I moot the profanities that came unwrap of my mtabooh when I attain the institute would require been understandable in any language. It hurt.The bush was nary(pre nonenal) in particular sharp or pointy, however it wasnt soft by any poke out of the imagination. It broke my f whole somewhat, though it didnt save my ankle from twisting underneath me. Shit I state through gritted teeth, climbing to my feet. Russia sure was involve me swear a lot. I tested the weight on my ankle and mat a t takege of pain solely nonhing I couldnt stand on. A sp precipitate, thank God. The ankle wasnt broken, and Id had worse.Still, it was going to unwind passel my energisea route.I limped absent from the bush, try to pick up the dance grade and thin out the pain. Stretching onwardhand me was that stupid h raciness maze Id design was so cool the separate nighttime. The sky was cloudy, solely I doubted lunationlight would pick out make it easier to navigate. No way was I going to contract that leather- go awayd mess. Id find where it ended and get out through there.Unfortunately, when I circled the house, I disc everywhereed an unhappy truth The hedge was e precisewhere. It encircled the estate akin some kind of medieval moat. The annoying part was, I doubted Galina had steady had it inst all in alled for defense. Shed probably d unitary it for the same reason she had crystal chandeliers and antique paintings in the hallways It was cool.Well, there was nothing for it, therefore. I picked an opening to the maze at haphazard and started winding my way through. I had no idea where to go, no strategies for getting out. Shadows lurked e very(prenominal)where, and I often didnt see suddenly ends glide slope until I was upright field on top of them. The bushes were tall enough that at once I was amount of moneyly a little way into the maze, I comp allowely lost bus of the top of the house. If Id had it as a navigation point, I might deal been abl e to and move in a straight (or nearly straight) line away.Instead, I wasnt entirely sure if I was going retrospective or in circles or what. At one point, I was e stageant sure Id passed the same jasmine trellis three times. I essay to think of stories Id read closely people navigating mazes. What did they use? Bread crumbs? Thread? I didnt kat once, and as much than than time passed and my ankle grew sorer, I began to get discouraged. Id toss putting to deathed a Strigoi in my weakened state and couldnt escape some bushes.Embarrassing, really.RozaThe vox kvetchway motorcarried distantly on the wind, and I stiffened. No. It couldnt be.Dimitri. Hed survived.Roza, I pick out youre out there, he called. I potbelly smell you.I had a sentiment he was bluffing. He wasnt close enough for me to feel sick, and with the cloying odourise of the flowers, I doubted he could scent me yet-even if I was sweating a lot. He was trying to bait me into giving up my location.With ne w resolve, I headed overmaster the next twist in the bushes, praying for the exit. Okay, God, I thought. fetch me out of this and Ill cease my half assed churchgoing ways. You got me past a pack of Strigoi tonight. I mean, housing that one between the doors really shouldnt have worked, so all the way youre on board. Let me get out of here, and Ill I dont know. Donate Adrians money to the poor. Get baptized. Join a convent. Well, no. Not that extreme one.Dimitri continued his taunting. I wont kill you, not if you allow on yourself up. I owe you. You as well ask out Galina for me, and now Im in charge.Replacing her happened a little ahead of schedule, but thats not a problem. Of course, there argonnt many people to control now that Nathan and the others are dead. but that can be fixed.Unbelievable. He truly had survived those odds. Id said it ahead and meant it Alive or undead, the turn in of my life was a badass. There was no way he could have defeated those three and ye t, well Id seen him mesh on crazy odds beforehand. And clearly his being here was validation of his capabilities.The path ahead of me split, and I randomly chose the right hand path. It air moody into the darkness, and I breathing placeed a sigh of relief. Score. Despite his breezy commentary, I knew he was in addition moving through the maze, getting walking(prenominal) and walking(prenominal). And un a analogous me, he knew the paths and how to get out of it.Im not up set apart to the highest degree you fervencying me, either. I would have done it in your place. Its on the dot one more reason wherefore we should be together.My next turn in any casek me into a dead end filled with climbing moonflowers. I unbroken my torment to myself and fend fortracked.Youre sign on over dangerous, though. If I find you, Im probably going to have to kill you. I dont emergency to, but Im starting to think theres no way we can both live in this human being. Come to me by choice , and Ill wake up you. Well control Galinas empire together.I almost laughed. I couldnt have takings him if I deficiencyed to in this mess. If Id had that kind of ability, Id My stomach swirled a little. Oh no. He was getting closer. Did he know it yet? I didnt amply understand how the amount of sickness correlated to distance, but it didnt matter. He was too close, period. How close did he need to be to truly smell me? To take heed me walking on the grass over? Each second brought him closer to success. once he had my trail, I was screwed. My heart started racing even more-if that was even practical at this point-and the epinephrine pumping through me numbed my ankle, even though it lull slowed me obliterateheartedwardly. other dead end spun me or so, and I seek to calm myself, knowing holy terror would make me sloppy. All the while, that nausea grew in increments.Even if you get out, where give you go? he called. Were in the middle of nowhere. His words were pois on, seeping into my skin. If I focused on them, my fear would win, and Id give up. Id pull into a bullock block and let him come for me, and I had no reason to believe hed let me live. My life could be over in the next hardly a(prenominal) splendids.A turn to my left(p) led to another wall of glossy honey oil leaves. I placement misuseped it quickly and headed in the opposite direction and saw-fields.Long, vast stretches of grass spread out ahead of me, giving way to trees scattered kill in the distance. Against all odds, Id made it out.Unfortunately, the nausea was strong now. This close, he had to know where I was. I peered around, realizing the truth of his words. We really were in the middle of nowhere. Where could I go? I had no idea where we were.There. To my left, I saw the clear purple glow on the horizon that Id noticed the other night. I hadnt realized what it was wherefore, but now I knew.Those were city lights, most be handle Novosibirsk, if that was where Gal inas gang did most of their deeds. Even if it wasnt Novosibirsk, it was civilization. There would be people there. Safety. I could get help.I took despatch at as profligate a run as I could manage, feet pounding hard against the ground. Even the adrenaline couldnt block that a good deal impact out, and pain crackled up through my leg with from each one step. The ankle held, though. I didnt put across or go to a true limp. My breath was hard and ragged, the rilievo of my muscles legato weak from all Id been through. Even with a goal, I knew that the city was miles away.And all the while, the nausea grew and grew. Dimitri was close. He had to be out of the maze now, but I couldnt risk looking back. I just kept running toward that purple glow on the horizon, even though it meant I was almost to enter a caboodle of trees. Maybe, maybe it would provide cover.Youre a fool, some part of me whispered. Theres nowhere you can hide from him.I reached the thin line of trees and slowe d just a little, gasping for breath and pressing myself up against a fearless eubstance. I finally dared a look behind me but saw nothing. The house glowed in the distance, border by the darkness of the hedge maze. My sick stomach hadnt grown worse, so it was possible I might have a lead on him. The maze had several exits he hadnt know where Id come out.My moment of alleviation over, I kept moving, keeping the soft glow of the city lights in sight through the branches. It was only a matter of time before Dimitri found me. My ankle wasnt going to let me do much more of this. Outrunning him was slowly becoming a fantasy. Leaves left over from last fall crunched as I moved, but I couldnt afford to step around them. I doubted I had to worry anymore about Dimitri sniffing me out. The noise would give me away.Rose I swear its not too late.Shoot. His voice was close. I looked around frantically. I couldnt see him, but if he was still handicraft for me, he likely couldnt see me yet eit her. The city haze was still my guiding star, but there were trees and darkness between me and it. Suddenly, an unexpected person came to mind. Tasha Ozera. She was Christians aunt, a very formidable lady who was one of the forerunners of teaching Moroi to fight back against Strigoi.We can retreat and retreat and let ourselves get sanction into corners forever, shed said once. Or we can go out and meet the enemy at the time and place we choose. Not them.Okay, Tasha, I thought. Lets see if your advice gets me killed.I looked around and located a tree with branches I could reach. Shoving my carry back into my chemise, I grabbed h sure-enough(a) of the lowest branch and swung myself up. My ankle complained the whole way, but aside from that, there were enough branches for me to get good hand- and footh one-time(a)s. I kept going until I found a thick, heavy limb that I thought would support my weight. I moved out onto it, staying near the trunk and care adepty testing the limbs st urdiness. It held. I took the put up out of my pocket and waited.A mo or so later, I hear the faint intake of leaves as Dimitri approached. He was much quieter than I had been. His tall, dark form came into view, a sinister shadow in the night. He moved very slowly, very carefully, eyes roving everywhere and the stand-in of his senses no doubt operative as well.Roza He spoke softly. I know youre here. You have no chance of running. No chance of hiding.His gaze was fixed low. He thought I was hiding behind a tree or crouched down. A few more steps. That was all I needed from him. Against the stake, my hand began to sweat, but I couldnt wipe it off. I was frozen, holding so still that I didnt even dare breathe.RozaThe voice caressed my skin, cold and deadly. Still scrutinizing his surroundings, Dimitri took one step forward. thus another. And therefore another.I think it occurred to him to look up the repetitive I jumped. My body slammed into his, knocking him to the ground bac k-first. He conterminously tried to throw me off, just as I tried to drive the stake through his heart. Signs of fatigue and fighting were all over him. Defeating the other Strigoi had taken its toll, though I doubted I was in much better constitute. We grappled, and once, I managed to rake the stake against his cheek. He snarled in pain but kept his chest well protected. Over it, I could see where Id ripped his dress the first time Id staked him. The wound had already healed.You. Are. Amazing, he said, his words full of both pride and battle fury.I had no energy for a response. My only goal was his heart. I fought to stay on him, and at last, my stake pierced his chest-but he was too unfaltering.He knocked my hand away before I could fully drive the stake through. In the process, he knocked me off of him. I flew several feet away, mercifully not hitting any trees. I scrambled to my feet, dazed, and saw him coming toward me. He was fast-but not as fast as hed been in previous f ights. We were going to kill ourselves in trying to kill each other.Id lost my advantage now, so I ran off into the trees, knowing hed be right behind me. I was certain he could outrun me, but if I could accrue just a tiny lead, then maybe I could secure another good attack place and try to AhhhMy predict rang into the night, jarring against the quiet darkness. My foot had gone out from under me, and I was sliding rapidly down a steep pitchers moundside, unable to stop myself. There were few trees, but the rocks and my maladroit position made the fall painful, particularly since I was wearing that jumper dress. How I managed to keep holding the stake was beyond me. I hit the bottom roughly, managed to briefly stand, and then promptly stumbled and fell-into water.I stared around. On cue, the moon peeked out from the clouds, casting enough light to show me a huge expanse of black, fast-moving water in front of me. I gaped at it, dead confused, and then I turned in the direction of the city. This was the Ob, the river that ran through Novosibirsk.The river headed right toward it. Glancing behind me, I saw Dimitri standing on top of the ridge. unlike some of us, hed apparently been watching where he was going. Either that, or my scream had tipped him off that something was amiss.It was going to take him less than a minute to come running down after me, though. I looked to either side of me and then in front. Okay. Fast-moving water. Possibly deep. Very wide. Itd take the pressure off my ankle, but I wasnt thrilled about my chances of not drowning. In legends, vampires couldnt beat running water. Man, I wished. That was pure myth.I did a double take to my left and just scarce saw a dark shape over the water. A span? It was the best shot I had. I hesitated before going toward it I needed Dimitri to start coming down here. I was not going to run off and let him pace me up above on the ridge. I needed the time his hill descent would buy me. There. He took o ne step onto the slope, and I disunite off down the shore, not looking back. The bridge circuit grew closer and closer to me, and as it did, I realized just how high it was. Id misjudged it from where Id landed. The slopes around the bridge reached furthestther up the more I ran downriver. I was going to have a hell of a climb.No problem. Id worry about that later-by which I meant in about thirty seconds, since that was probably how long itd take Dimitri to view up with me. As it was, I could hear his feet splashing through the alter water on the swear, the sounds growing nearer and nearer. If I could just reach the bridge, if I could just get to high ground and to the other side. The nausea surged in me. A hand closed around the back of my jacket, jerk me backward. I fell against Dimitri and immediately began fighting him, trying to free myself. But God, I was so, so tired. Every piece of me hurt, and no matter how endure he was, I was worse.Stop it he yelled, gripping my a rms. Dont you get it? You cant winThen kill me I wriggled, but his hold on my hurrying arms was too strong, and even holding the stake, I couldnt do anything with it. You said you would if I didnt surrender myself. Well, guess what? I didnt. I wont. So just get it over with.That phantom moonlight lit up his face, eradicating the shape shadows and making his skin stark white against the nights backdrop. It was like all the colourise in the world had been blanked out. His eyes merely looked dark, but in my minds eye, they glowed like fire. His expression was cold and calculating.Not my Dimitri.Itd take a lot for me to kill you, Rose, he said. This isnt enough.I wasnt convinced. Still holding onto me with that unbreakable grip, he leaned toward me. He was going to berthe me. Those teeth would pierce my skin, and hed turn me into a monstrosity like him or drink until I was dead. Either way, Id be too drugged and too stupid to know it. The person who was Rose Hathaway would leave th is world without even realizing it.Pure panic shot through me-even as that part of me that was still in withdrawal cried out for more of those divine endorphins. No, no. I couldnt allow that. Every nerve I had was set on fire, ramping up for defense, attack, anything anything to stop this. I would not be turned. I could not be turned. I wanted so badly to do something to save myself. My whole being was consumed with that urge. I could feel it ready to effusion out, ready to. My hands could touch each other but not Dimitri. With a rubbish of maneuvering, I used the fingers of my left hand to open off Oksanas ring. It slipped off and into the mud, just as Dimitris fangs touched my skin.It was like a nuclear explosion going off. The ghosts and spirits Id summoned on the road to Baia unwrap between us. They were all around, translucent and luminescent in shades of lookout green, blue, yellow, and silver. Id let loose all of my defenses, let myself succumb to my emotions in a way I hadnt been able to when Dimitri first caught me. The rings healing power had barely kept me in check just now, but it was gone. I had no barriers on my power.Dimitri sprang back, wide-eyed. alike the Strigoi on the road, he waved his hands around, swatting the spirits as one would mosquitoes. His hands passed right through them, ineffectual. Their attack was more or less ineffectual too. They couldnt physically hurt him, but they could affect the mind, and they were blest distracting. What had Mark said? The dead hate the undead. And from the way these ghosts swarmed Dimitri, it was clear that they did. I stepped back, scanning the ground below me. There. The rings silver gleamed up at me from a puddle. I reached down and grabbed it, then ran off and left Dimitri to his fate. He wasnt only screaming, but he was making some horrible noises. That tore at me, but I kept going, running toward the bridge. I reached it a minute or so later. It was as high as Id feared, but it was stur dy and well built, if narrow. It was the kind of country bridge that only one car at a time could cross.Ive come this far, I muttered, staring up at the bank. It was not only higher than the one Id fallen down, it was also steeper. I pocketed the ring and stake and then reached out, digging my hands into the ground. I was going to have to half-crawl, half-climb this one. My ankle got a slight reprieve this was all upper-body strength now. As I climbed, however, I began to notice something. Faint flashes in my periphery. An impression of faces and skulls. And a throbbing pain in the back of my head.Oh no. This had happened before too. In this panicked state, I couldnt maintain the defenses I ordinarily did to keep the dead away from myself.They were now approaching me, more curious than belligerent. But as their numbers grew, it all became as disorienting as what Dimitri was now experiencing.They couldnt hurt me, but they were freaking me out, and the telltale headache that came wi th them was starting to make me dizzy. Glancing back toward him, I saw something amazing. Dimitri was still coming. He really was a god, a god who brought death closer with each footstep. The ghosts still swarmed him like a cloud, yet he was managing progress, one agonizing step at a time. Turning back, I continued my climb, ignoring my own glowing companions as best I could.At long last, I reached the top of the bank and stumbled onto the bridge. I could barely stand, my muscles were so weak. I made it a few more steps and then collapsed to my hands and knees. More and more spirits were spinning around, and my head was on the verge of exploding. Dimitri still made his slow progress but was a ways from the bank yet. I tried to stand again, using the bridges rails for support, and failed. The rough grating on the bridge scraped my bare legs.Damn.I knew what I had to do to save myself, though it could very well end up killing me, too. With trembling hands, I reached into my pocket and intrusted out the ring. I shook so badly that I felt certain Id drop it. Somehow, I held on and managed to slide it onto my finger. A refined surge of warmth radiated from it into me, and I felt a tiny bit of control settle into my body. Unfortunately, the ghosts were still there.The traces of that fear, of dying or turning Strigoi, were still in me, but it had lessened now that I was out of immediate danger. Feeling less unstable, I sought for the barriers and control I ordinarily kept up, desperate to slam them into place and drive my visitors away.Go, go, go, I whispered, squeezing my eyes shut. The effort was like pushing on a mountain, an unworkable obstacle that no one could have the strength for. This was what Mark had warned about, why I shouldnt do this. The dead were a powerful asset, but once called, they were difficult to get rid of. What had he said? Those who danced on the edge of darkness and insanity shouldnt risk this.Go I shouted, throwing my last bit of stre ngth into the effort.One by one, the phantoms around me vanished. I felt my world settle back into its rightful order. Only, when I looked down, I saw that the ghosts had left Dimitri too-as Id suspected. And just like that, he was on the move again.Damn. My word of the night.I managed to get on my feet this time as he sprinted up the slope. Again, he was slower than usual-but still more than fast enough. I began backing up, neer taking my eyes off of him. Getting rid of the ghosts had given me more strength, but not what I needed to get away. Dimitri had won.Another shadow-kissed effect? he asked, stepping onto the bridge.Yeah. I swallowed. Turns out ghosts dont much like Strigoi.You didnt seem to like them much either.I took another slow step backward. Where could I go? As soon as I turned around to run, hed be on me.So, did I go far enough for you to not want to turn me? I asked as cheerfully as I could manage.He gave me a wry, twisted smile. No. Your shadow-kissed abilities hav e their uses Too bad theyll go away when youre bestired. So. That was still his plan. In spite of how much Id infuriated him, he still wanted to keep me around for eternity.Youre not going to awaken me, I said.Rose, theres no way you can-No.I climbed up onto the runway of the bridge, swinging one leg over. I knew what had to happen now. He froze.What are you doing?I told you. Ill die before I become Strigoi. I wont be like you or the others. I dont want that. You didnt want that, once upon a time. My face felt cold as a night piece of cake blew over it, the result of stealthy tears on my cheeks.I swung my other leg over and peered down at the swiftly moving water. We were a lot more than two stories up. Id hit the water hard, and even if I survived that fall, I didnt have the strength to out swim the current and get to shore. As I stared down, contemplating my death, I thought back to when Dimitri and I sit in the backseat of an SUV once, discussing this very topic.It was the fir st time wed sat near each other, and every place our bodies touched had been warm and wonderful. Hed smelled good-that scent, that scent of being live(a) was gone now, I realized-and hed been more relaxed than usual, ready to smile. Wed talked about what it meant to be bouncy and in full control of your soul-and what it meant to become one of the undead, to lose the love and light of life and all those youd known.Wed looked at each other and concord death was better than that fate.Looking at Dimitri now, I had to agree.Rose, dont. I heard true panic in his voice. If he lost me over the edge, I was gone. No Strigoi. No awakening. For me to be turned, he needed to kill me by drinking my blood and then feed blood back to me. If I jumped, the water would kill me, not bloodletting. I would be long dead before he found me in the river.Please, he begged. There was a plaintive note to his voice, one that startled me. It twisted my heart. It reminded me too much of the living Dimitri, the one who wasnt a monster. The one whod cared for me and loved me, whod believed in me and made love to me. This Dimitri, the one who was none of those things, took two careful steps forward, then stopped again. We need to be together.Why? I asked softly. The word was carried away on the wind, but he heard.Because I want you.I gave him a sad smile, wondering if wed meet again in the land of the dead. wrongly answer, I told him.I let go.And he was right there, sprinting out to me with that amuck Strigoi speed as I started to fall. He reached out and caught one of my arms, force me back onto the railing. Well, half-dragging. Only part of me made it over the rest still hung out over the river.Stop fighting me he said, trying to pull on the arm he held.He was in a unassured position himself, straddling the rail as he tried to lean over far enough to get me and actually hold onto me.Let go of me I yelled back.But he was too strong and managed to lead most of me over the rail, enough so that I wasnt in total danger of falling again.See, heres the thing. In that moment before I let go, I really had been contemplating my death. Id come to terms with it and accepted it. I also, however, had known Dimitri might do something exactly like this. He was just that fast and that good. That was why I was holding my stake in the hand that was reprieve free.I looked him in the eye. I will always love you.Then I plunged the stake into his chest.It wasnt as precise a blow as I would have liked, not with the skilled way he was dodging. I struggled to get the stake in deep enough to his heart, unsure if I could do it from this angle. Then, his struggles stopped. His eyes stared at me, stunned, and his lips parted, almost into a smile, albeit a mordant and pained one.Thats what I was supposed to say he gasped out.Those were his last words.His failed take on to dodge the stake had made him lose his balance on the edge. The stakes trick made the rest easy, stunning him and his reflexes.Dimitri fell.He nearly took me with him, and I just barely managed to break free of him and cling to the railing. He dropped down into the darkness-down, down into the blackness of the Ob. A moment later he disappeared from sight.I stared down after him, wondering if I would see him in the water if I squinted hard enough. But I didnt. The river was too dark and too far away.Clouds moved back over the moon, and darkness fell over everything again. For a moment, staring down and realizing what Id just done, I wanted to throw myself in after him, because surely there was no way I could go on living now.You have to. My inner voice was much calmer and more confident than it should have been. The old Dimitri would want you to live. If you really loved him, then you have to go on.With a shaking breath, I climbed over the rail and stood back on the bridge, surprisingly grateful for its security. I didnt know how I would go on living, but I knew that I wanted to. I wasnt going to fe el fully safe until I was on inviolable ground, and with my body falling apart, I began to cross the bridge one step at a time. When I was on the other side, I had a choice. Follow the river or the road? They veered off from each other slightly, but both headed roughly in the direction of the citys lights. I opted for the road. I didnt want to be anywhere near the river. I would not think about what had just happened. I couldnt think about it. My brain refused. Worry about staying alive first. Then worry about how youre going to live.The road, while clearly rural, was flat and packed and made for easy walking-for anyone else. A light rain began falling, which just added insult to injury. I kept wanting to sit and rest, to curl up in a ball and think of nothing else. No, no, no. The light. I had to go toward the light. That almost made me laugh out loud. It was funny, really. Like I was someone having a near-death experience. Then I did laugh. This whole night had been full of near- death experiences. This was the least of them.It was also the last, and as much as I longed for the city, it was too far away. Im not sure how long I walked before I finally had to stop and sit.Just a minute, I decided. Id rest for a minute and then keep moving. I had to keep moving. If by some crazy chance Id missed his heart, Dimitri could be climbing out of the river at any moment. Or other surviving Strigoi could be coming after me from the manor.But I didnt get up in a minute. I think I may have slept, and I candidly dont know how long Id been sitting there when headlights suddenly spurred me to alertness. A car slowed down and came to a stop. I managed to get to my feet, bracing myself.No Strigoi got out. Instead, an old human man did. He peered at me and said something in Russian. I shook my head and backed up a step. He leaned into the car and said something, and a moment later, an older woman joined him. She looked at me and her eyes widened, face compassionate. She said s omething gentle-sounding and held out her hand to me, cautious in the way one would be when approaching a feral animal. I stared at her for several heavy seconds and then pointed at the purple horizon.Novosibirsk, I said.She followed my gesture and nodded. Novosibirsk. She pointed to me and then to the car. Novosibirsk.I hesitated a little longer and then let her lead me into the backseat. She took off her coat and laid it over me, and I noticed then that I was soaked from the rain. I had to be a mess after everything Id been through tonight. It was a wonder theyd even stopped. The old man began driving again, and it occurred to me I could have just gotten in a car with serial killers. But then, how would that be any different from the rest of my night?The mental and physical pain were starting to drag me under, and with my last effort, I wet my lips and choked out another gem from my Russian vocabulary.Pazvaneet?The woman looked back at me in surprise. I wasnt sure if I had the wor d right. I might have just asked for a be phone instead of a cell phone-or maybe Id asked for a giraffe-but hopefully the message came through regardless. A moment later, she reached into her purse and handed me a cell phone. Even in Siberia, everyone was wired. With shaking hands, I dialed the number I now had memorized. A female voice answered.Allo.Sydney? This is Rose