Artificial Intelligence Related to Wall-E Robot Essay

1. Technological Advancement presented in WALL-E that are existing A. Voice Command This technological advancement presented in the movie is using the voice to execute primarily commands in which we are telling on what should be done. B. Search Command This technological advancement presented in the movie is using also our voice in which the said technology is arranging or systematizing an orderly search object in which the user is wish to know. C. Pattern Recognition This technological advancement presented in the movie is using using pattern schronization in which the agent is moving through patterns in which in provides where the agent direction and avoding collision to the other agent that have another pattern to follow. 2. Technological Advancement presented in WALL-E that are possible to happen A. Eve – flying robot This technological advancement presented in the movie is a robot in which capable of flying attach with scanner sensor and a weapon . This advancement would be possible because we do have some agent(s) that have sensor attach to them and agent that use in that has weapon use in military combat. B. Accel – ship This technological advancement presented in the movie can sustain life specifically human life in space for many years and attach with different system or technology. As presented in the movie they live in the space for 700 years living with sustanable oxygen and gravity balance. This techonology is possible in a way that that are the same to the experience of our astronouts discovering in the space and with the technology use in some science museum in which they can adjust gravity for us to experience space. And now we do have sensors and system that use in the ship ,likely some , thus it is possible for the human race to have. C. Transportation like a speed of light This technological advancement presented in the movie in which tha accel(ship) is returning to earth like a speed of light. It is possible because we do have now this technology boosting to space in which we can go to mars less than the usual frame time .

Restate Nuware’s Essay

1.) Restate Nuware’s 2013 earnings as if the company had used the same accounting methods and assumptions as R.P. Stuart. Your answer should focus on, but not necessarily be limited to, Nuware’s accounting for investments, receivables, inventory, and PP&E. From the discussions in Nuware’s notes and the comparison with RP.Stuart’s financial statement, we noticed that there are several different accounting policies being adopted, including receivables, inventory, advertisement cost and PP&E. Moreover, it seems that Nuware is using gains on investment to manipulate total income. Therefore, we made some adjustment to make the comparison between Nuware and R.P Stuart more reliable. For instance, we assumed the same reserve/receivable ratios of these two companies to avoid potential aggressive revenue recognition by Nuware’s management (see Appendix). However, there is not enough information to make adjustment on PP&E depreciations. Then we can compare the performance of these two companies in 2013 (as shown below). However, we cannot get find enough information to make a comprehensive adjustment on 2012 data (in particular, we don’t have the estimation on 2011 inventory using FIFO method). As a result, we cannot calculate the growth rate of EPS precisely here. 2.) Assess the financial performance of Nuware versus R.P. Stuart. Nuware and R.P. Stuart are in the same industry and share virtually identical business model, which make them comparable. Before adjustment, Nuware showed a much better financial performance than that of R.P Stuart regards to net income, gross profit margin, return on asset & equity, and EPS growth etc. After making necessary adjustment, we found that Nuware still outperforms R.P.Stuart, but with a smaller margin. The real net income is only 71% of the original figure, which subsequently lowered the return on assets and equity. But due to the higher leverage ratio, Nuware’s return on equity is still 2x that of R.P.Stuart (originally 3x). However, what worries us most is the combination of a negative earnings growth and slower sales growth.  Using these criteria, Nuware is not beating the industry (actually performed worse than R.P Stuart in terms of sales growth in 20131). 3.) Would you characterize the accounting discretion applied by Nuware’s management as aggressive? Why or why not? Nuware’s Management accounting discretion can be seen as aggressive for several reasons: 1. They artificially lower the allowance of account receivable to boost income and gross margin. Moreover, when estimating reserves, percentage of sales method is less accurate than the detailed monthly review method adopted by R.P Stuart’s. 2. Compared to R.P. Stuart, LIFO reduced the tax and LIFO liquidation in year 2013 resulting in artificially high net income as well. 3. The recognition of unrealized gains for available for sale investment assets also contributed to the higher net income, which should be considered separately from income from its core business. 4. There might be some aggressive assumptions when depreciating PP&E, which deserves more detailed analysis.

Apologia Marine Essay Example for Free

Apologia Marine Essay 1. Definitions a. Metabolism- The process by whichc a living organism takes energy from its surroundings and uses it to sustain itself, develop and grow. b. Photosynthesis-the process by which an organism uses the energy from the sun to produce its own food c. Autotrophs- organisms that are able to produce their own food d. Heterotrophs- organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms e. respiration — the process by which food is converted into usable energy for life functions f. homeostasis — the tendency of living organisms to control or regulate changes in their internal environment g. diffusion — the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration h. osmosis — the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane i. osmoconformer — and organisms that allows its internal concentration of salts to change in order to match the external concentration of salts in the surrounding water j. Osmo regulator — an organism that regulates its internal concentration of salts k. Poikilotherm- an organism whose body temperature changes with its surrounding environment l. ectotherm — an organism whose body temperature is controlled by its surrounding environment m. homeotherm- an animal that maintains a controlled internal body temperature using its own heating and cooling of mechanisms n. Endotherm- an animal whose internal body temperature is a result of internal sources of heat o. a sexual reproduction — reproduction accomplished by a single organism p. sexual reproduction — reproduction that involves the union of gametes from two organisms: a male and a female q. binomial nomenclature — identifying an organism by a genus and species name 2. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids 3. oxygen levels would be lower at night than during the day 4. no, they must feed on extra material made by photos synthesizing plants 5. no, both groups containing organisms like that 6. population 7. water will travel through osmosis to the outside 8. the body fluids would change. There would be more concentration of  dissolved substances in the body 9. no. They could have warm blood if their environment is warm 10. yes 11. no 12. the plant from the cutting 13. the cell with 24 chromosomes 14. the cell with 12 chromosomes 15. yes Apologia Marine. (2016, Mar 10). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Introducing an emicropayment method using the internet Essay

Introducing an emicropayment method using the internet - Essay Example Using credit cards is the most common way to purchase items online. When a buyer tries to buy an inexpensive item through a credit card, the authentication and verification process of user account is often quite cumbersome and in most cases is infeasible and unpractical. For merchant selling inexpensive items, finds its profits disappear due to the high credit card fees and associated costs (Geer, 2004). Therefore the tools used for online payments are one of the biggest factors in deciding the fate of e-micropayments. Since the sales are often low and the profit margins thin, the sellers don't feel comfortable in investing into e-micropayment technologies and goods. They feel that the risk taken to sell inexpensive goods is not worthwhile. Therefore the supply of inexpensive goods and seller's attitude is another factor deciding the existence of e-micropayments. (Smith, 2003) Since its start, e-micropayments haven't shown the intensity and promise that was expected. Due to not enough successful inexpensive products in the market (compared to more expensive items) the demand for keeping inexpensive assortments in the inventory is low (Geer, 2004). Therefore the historic trends, not enough success stories and the hype in the market are other factors that need to be considered to make e-micropayments method a success. For all online transactions, a buyer or a merchant needs to have a secure and reliable e-micropayment technology (Geer, 2004). Since critical personal information and credit card (account) information is given over the net, a secure (usually SSL) and safe technology must be in place. Without such a technology, the method can never be a success. To run e-micropayments methods, dependant technology like computers, servers, internet etc. should be reliable (Geer, 2004). If the internet link is unreliable, or the merchant's website has a high downtime, the customers would simply move to a different merchant which provides the same products and services but which does not offer e-micropayment technology. Another issue is the cost of the e-micropayment technology and how much of the commission is charged from the merchant. If this cost is high, the merchants would not agree to have this system and would rather prefer a normal credit card payment option. (Electronic Payment Systems, 2006) As we have seen from the discussion above, there are a lot of stakeholders involved in the entire process which complicates the matters. Although e-micropayments are convenient and needful, their lack of practicality at the moment has let it down. Building a secure, reliable and inexpensive e-micropayment solution is required at a time where PayPal and credit cards have taken over the sale of expensive items. Works Cited 1. Electronic Payment Systems. (2006). Retrieved February 8, 2008, from Prentice Hall: www.c5c6.com/upfile/down.phpfilename=908a738581.ppt 2. Geer, D. (2004). E-Micropayments Sweat the Small Stuff. Retrieved Februa

Assigment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Assigment 2 - Essay Example In regard to the first issue, a party is considered in breach of a contract when a party fails to perform its obligations under the said contract. In the problem, the contract provides that the barge will be delivered in safe working order for the purpose of sea-faring voyages (Clause 4) and that a condition of the agreement is that the barge will be available from 1st January 2006 until 31st December 2008 (Clause 8). Blue is guilty of breach of contract because the barge was only actually ready-to-load on the 3rd of January 2006 in violation of the owner’s promise (Clause 8) that the barge will be ready-to-load from the start of the charter, i.e. the 1st of January. Moreover, Blue is guilty of breach of contract because the barge had to be towed sometime January 2008 (when the contract is still effective) from Oslo to Liverpool due to serious engine failure in violation of Clause 4. Having failed to perform its obligations under the contract, Blue is therefore in breach of co ntract. In regard to the issue of whether Red may exercise the right both to terminate the contract and to claim compensation for past and future losses, the answer depends on whether the terms of the contract violated by Blue is a condition or a warranty. This is because not all contract terms are of equal significance. Some are more important than others. A condition is an essential term of the contract which goes to the root or the heart of the contract while a warranty, on the other hand, is a lesser, subsidiary term of the contract. The distinction between a condition and a warranty is vital in the event of a breach of contract. A breach of a condition enables the party who is not in breach of contract (â€Å"the innocent party†) either to terminate the performance of the contract and obtain damages for any loss suffered as a result the breach or to affirm the contract and recover damages for the breach. A breach of a warranty, on the other hand,

Managers in safety training Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managers in safety training - Research Paper Example The disparity between the emphasis on safety management between the underdeveloped and the advanced economies has had a corresponding effect on the curriculums of safety training. While in the technologically advanced countries like the UK and the USA, safety training is offered at graduate and undergraduate level through university courses, safety training in the underdeveloped countries is imparted through short courses in academies. Nevertheless, the role of such short courses in inculcating a sense of the need of safety management and compliance with the rules of health and safety in the workers cannot be underestimated. â€Å"A few simple steps learned in a training session can prevent a major crisis† (National Restaurant Association, 2009, p. 2). In developed countries, an individual needs at least a bachelor’s degree in health and safety along with preferably a 10 years of experience to be eligible to serve as a health and safety (HS) manager on a project whereas in the underdeveloped countries, a diploma or a short course in safety management might suffice. OSHA lists a range of safety training programs that individuals can take depending upon which suits them best (oshatrain.org, n.d.). People select the most suitable program depending upon the availability of time, funding, and such other factors. Over 20 universities and training organizations offer courses in safety training and management in the US (osha.gov, n.d.). Most training organizations offer certificates whereas universities offer Bachelor programs in safety management. Construction sites in the US require professional certification in safety course to consider a candidate for the post of safety manager on the site. Chances of recruitment increase with more experience and higher education in safety management. The HS manager is familiar with all procedures, concepts, and practices of the kind of work he/she is rendering the health and safety management services in because the

SET ASIDES Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SET ASIDES - Research Paper Example On analysis the justification for why VA and Defense Department are chosen as providing the best contracting opportunities for NAICS 561730 is shown and supported with evidence. Finally, the best available contracting opportunity for NAICS 561730 is identified and the reason stated. Set Aside Introduction Set aside contract is ‘’a federal contract under which only small business are allowed to bid’’ (HJ Ventures, 2004). The set aside small business contracts are mainly awarded to start ups, minority owned businesses, women-owned businesses, disabled people businesses, veterans group businesses and other special groups businesses. These type of businesses mostly lack capital and experience to start or expand thus they lack the machinery to compete with large or other successful businesses. In order to help them overcome those challenges that why the government reserves some of it contract specifically for them. A part from the special treatment in bidding fo r the contracts the small business owners stands to gain the following benefits under these programs: training courses and counseling on owning or managing a business, and additionally they are eligible for various loans and advance payments within the program (Guthrie, 2011). Set-asides though awarded on special basis have been quite controversial in business context since the projects from the private sector are mainly awarded on the basis of price, performance, value added and quality, while set-asides are awarded on basis on size, class, race, gender, thus harming legitimate businesses and breeding corruption (Bbutkins, 2010). Under the Small Business Act, the law bids the federal agencies to carryout various procurements that are partially or wholly reserved for small business participation (FSD, 2010). Under this act there are several set-aside categories for the different small businesses ventures which include: Competitive 8(a), Emerging Small Business, HUBZone, Partial Hist orically Black College or University (HBCU) / Minority Institution (MI), Partial Small Business, Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business, Total HBCU / MI, Total Small Business, and Veteran-Owned Small Business (FSD, 2010). Therefore small business set-aside categories will award certain acquisitions exclusively to eligible small business concerns. Hence a set-aside may totally or partially open to all small businesses, a single acquisition or a class of acquisitions. In the procurement bidding process the set-asides are conducted through simplified acquisition procedures, sealed bids, or competitive proposals. The small business set asides are awarded contracts either as the primary contractor or sub-contractor. According to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) categories 561730 Landscaping Services is defined as ‘’ventures that specialize in providing landscape care and maintenance services and/or installing trees, shrubs, plants, lawns, or g ardens and ventures that specialize in providing these services along with design of landscape plans and/or the construction of walkways, retaining walls, decks, fences, ponds, and similar structures’’ (NAICS, 2007). Landscaping services provide employment to a quite sizable portion of the American population and also improve the outlook of households. They also significantly improve the value of homes. More than 14500 businesses in the United States are classified as landscaping services (NAICS 561730), with majority of these ventures comprising of a workforce

International Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Accounting - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that financial reports will always need to be produced to satisfy statutory requirements, such as filing accounts or for the presentation of tax returns. As the harmonization of accounting standards takes place on a global scale, corporate reports become more comparable. This is useful for the investors who should be able to compare financial information from different business that are located in different countries. This paper makes a conclusion that in International accounting, the purpose of corporate reporting is to compliance with accounting standards. Despite the number of accounting standards in issue and the requirement for accounts to present a true and fair view, there are still number of companies that fail to comply with requirements of the standards. The financial reporting review panel in UK has the aim of ensuring that both public and private companies comply with the companies Act and accounting standards. It has expanded its role to assess financial statements prepared under international accounting standards in the UK. There are key differences between UK Standards and IFRS. The presentation of single company and group accounts in UK is governed by Companies Act 2006. but for companies or groups listed on stock exchange within European Union, they are obliged to prepare annual financial statements in accordance with International accounting standards.... The framework does not define these ideas, but compliance with international standards and the framework will help to achieve these ideas. Assessment of International Accounting The International accounting framework provides a conceptual underpinning for International financial reporting standards. One of the objectives of the framework is to provide a basis for the formulation of international financial reporting standards. The another advantage of international accounting is that the framework forms a basis for dealing with any accounting issues that arises which are not covered by accounting framework. The framework’s approach builds to corporate reporting around the definitions of assets and liabilities and the criteria for recognizing and measuring them in a statement of financial position. This approach views accounting form the perspective of the statement of financial position whereas most of companies would not consider the measurement and recognition of assets and l iabilities as the starting point for the determination of profit. In many jurisdictions, the financial statements form the basis of dividend payments, the starring point of the assessment of taxation, and often the basis for executive remuneration. A balance sheet fair value system, which International accounting standard board seems to favor, would have a major impact on the above elements. Current Development This is a long term joint project between International accounting standards and the US FASB, which was first agreed in 2004. The end point of the eight stage project will be approval of single, self-contained document which will create a foundation for the development of future accounting standard that are principal based, internally

Non-Marital Breakups Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Non-Marital Breakups - Coursework Example The person’s oral or written narratives explaining their experiences or actions describing characters and events and inferring the meaning and motives in the course of retelling and reviewing the love stories.   Social creatures are faced with two risks, rejection and betrayal when pursuing intimacy. Rejection can occur when the hope-for relationship never develops, cut short, or fails when the other expresses dissatisfaction. Betrayal is insidious, a threat that emerges only if intimacy succeeds-for a time. The other, having the advantage of special information, having gained our trust, turns around and turns on us, revealing our vulnerabilities, badmouthing us, teasing us. Why then do we will hand that very risky unknown our phone number? Why do we have to take heartbreaker one more time?   This involves a mental search for explanations, driven to some extents, â€Å"If only† and regrets. For the leaver and the leave, the end of a relationship is traumatic and triggers a self-protective review of reasons and signs which could prevent future losses.   There are two types of loneliness, emotional loneliness, and social loneliness. The emotional loneliness refers to the isolation, focused on missing one’s intimate partner and losing the unique comforts of that relationship. Social loneliness is disorientation and excommunication one feels when one has lost one’s place and marital status.   After a breakup, the visibility and social activity of one’s ex-exaggerate the individual’s plight. If you have been left, the presence of your ex in your social network suggests that you are easily rejectable. If you are the one who left, your ex may offer testimony to all who would listen to your guilt and betrayal.   

Procrastination and Action Essay Example for Free

Procrastination and Action Essay Procrastination, like all of your behaviors carries consequences. Whether your behavior is conscious or unconscious, you will eventually have to deal with the effects. Its only natural to procrastinate at times but, the way you deal with your procrastination patterns will determine what effects procrastination has on your life. One of the most obvious effects of procrastination is the failure to reap the rewards that would come from taking action. If a student chooses to procrastinate rather than complete school work on time, there can be many terrible effects. Of course, his or her grades could suffer if that particular school or teacher penalizes for late work. Severe procrastination can end in failure if the work is not accepted because of lateness. Even in the best-case scenario, work completed under the stress of procrastination tends to be poorly done. Procrastination can also negatively affect a person’s home life. Imagine you procrastinated and left the dirty dishes in the sink after dinner tonight. That would not be such a big deal, right? Now imagine you did it for a week. Imagine the putrid stench, the mold, and the hours of scrubbing it would take to get rid of the dried food. Procrastination is bad, but procrastination over a long stretch of time is horrific. You might even give yourself food poisoning! Overindulging in procrastination at work will inevitably get you fired. If your boss asks you to do something now and you do not complete it until next week, do you think you will keep your job? Even if you do not lose your job, you will likely receive a bad evaluation and perhaps face a pay cut if you are not completing tasks in a timely manner. If you are fired and you have a history of bad evaluations, you will not likely receive a letter of recommendation from your old job. Without a good work history, it will be difficult or impossible to get another job. When you procrastinate you simple fail to take action on the very things you know will bring you the rewards that you desire. Although you know what you want and even what you need to do to get it, you still have to take action and its usually at this point where procrastination sets in. Because the results that you desire are often something bigger and better than what you currently have, you must step outside your comfort zone to get it. You might have to take actions that you are not comfortable with to which your unconscious mind reacts by protecting you against that which is uncomfortable. Although the short term effects of procrastination might seem as positive the long term effects are almost always negative. Failing to reap the rewards of taking action can have many knock on effects. Taking action on your ideas and desires is one of your most empowering gifts. It is the process by which you can make the intangible tangible. Through your actions and your behavior you create or manage your life. Its not only the direct results of your actions that create the outcomes, but often the very fact that you are actually consciously affecting the conditions of your life. It not just your actions, but rather your failure to take action that will have a greater effect on the rewards you reap from life. From this point of view the effects of procrastination is not just a direct but also an indirect loss of rewards. Every action is a cause set in motion that affects and builds on past and future events to the point, where we can never really determine the actual effect of one specific action. More than anything else, action opens you up to opportunity. Opportunity is rarely the result of you waiting for it. When you put yourself in line with what you want most through your conscious action you expose yourself to opportunity. Its never a case of whether you have opportunities but rather are you noticing the opportunities? But even more importantly, are you using the opportunities or are you procrastinating? One thing is for certain and that is when procrastination becomes a habit you wont even notice all the opportunities on your doorstep. You will live your life in distraction, constantly looking for short term pleasures to avoid the real challenges that will cause you to reap the real results. You will always turn a blind eye to the real opportunities. Those who succeed are rarely the people with the most or the most splendid opportunities. They are the people who saw and realized it. Out of all the negative effects of procrastination and indecision the failure to spot and act on opportunity is probably the saddest. So many people with so much talent fail to live up to their true potential because of procrastination. The rewards you reap from life will be either a direct or an indirect result of your actions or your inactions. Not only will procrastination prevent you from reaping the rewards but your inaction will prevent you from even being exposed to opportunity. Opportunity is knocking but you have to take action and at least open the door. There might be many reasons why a person chooses to procrastinate when he or she knows it is time to complete a task. Whatever the causes, the effects of procrastination can be catastrophic. Procrastination can be harmful at school, home, and work. If a student chooses to procrastinate rather than complete school work on time, there can be many terrible effects. Of course, his or her grades could suffer if the teacher penalizes, work that is sent in late. Even in the best-case scenario, work completed under the stress of procrastination tends to be poorly done. Procrastination can also negatively affect a person’s home life. Imagine you procrastinated and left the dirty dishes in the sink after dinner tonight. That would not be such a big deal, right? Now imagine you did it for a week. Imagine the putrid stench, the mold, and the hours of scrubbing it would take to get rid of the dried food. Procrastination is bad, but procrastination over a long stretch of time is horrific. You might even give yourself food poisoning! Not only will procrastination prevent you from reaping the rewards but your inaction will prevent you from even being exposed to opportunities. Procrastination, like all of your behaviors carries consequences. Whether your behavior is conscious or unconscious, you will eventually have to deal with the effects. The effects of procrastination are something that we all have to confront and deal with from time to time. Procrastination is what derives people from their work, study, and even determination. Focus is what is needed in our every-day lives, and though it is tempting to delay what is needed to be done, no excuse is worth it.

Improving Learning Through Video Games

Improving Learning Through Video Games Abstract For a long time video games have been considered harmful especially to children and teenagers because they do not give anything productive to the one who is playing. But nowadays everything has change including these stereotypes and myths about playing video games, conversely these video games now are used in different aspects of learning, to stimulate defined areas of our brain. Moreover video games are used as a rehabilitation method for persons with learning problems. The three most important fields that video games improve are the followings: First of all improve mental agility causing an increase of creativity on the subjects who play, also make them able to take decision faster and process more information with many tasks at the same time. Secondly are very useful to improve memory on students what is essential for our daily life and much more when we apply it to studies because a great memory allows us to process and keep more information. And finally reducing academic stress among students avoiding serious psychological problems like depression, anxiety and low self-esteem. Video games prove us that they are not so useless after all. And now what do you think about video games? How Can Video Games Improve Students Creativity and Learning? To be creative means to be in love with life. You can be creative only if you love life enough that you want to enhance its beauty, you want to bring a little more music to it, a little more poetry to it, a little more dance to it. (Osho, n.d.).Since the creation of video games there has been a big problem, if they really are beneficial for the people who play them. Most of the population thinks that video games are harmful for the development of children and teenagers, both in social and personal ambits, making them more violent and unsociable. But everything has changed; nowadays videogames are seen like a new method to boost the IQ in different ways. Now there is a wealth of research which shows that video games can be put to educational and therapeutic uses. Since we were child games encourage us to be more creative and solve problems, is the same with video games, they have a lot of troubles that need to be solve in various situations if we want to keep playing, and this is where creativity has been involved. Furthermore make us take decisions more quickly working with many tasks at the same time without losing concentration. It is a very efficient method in rehabilitation therapies, with children who present learning problems; these video games introduce some ideas of different aspects that help to capture information in an easier form and help to solve problems of laterality and dyslexia. In the educational area are useful because they teach fast, engaging and proficient ways of learning, making studies more enjoyable to students. Moreover they improve the ability to learn and analyze visual information, help with the learning of a new language and also some video games improve reading skills. In few words, video games can improve students creativity and learning by stimulating their mental agility, improving their memory, and decreasing their stress level. Stimulating mental agility with video games Mental agility is a fundamental aspect at learning time, it helps us to analyze information faster and make us able to work with many tasks at the same time. Hand-eye coordination Firstly hand-eye coordination is defined as the use of the eyes to direct muscles towards a task, such as eating or brushing our hair. The vision system coordinates input and sends signals to muscles to make our hands move. This is one of the first aspects that we start to develop in our childhood and also is one of the most important parts of a creative learning. Is essential on children for reading and handwriting because kids also uses their visual system with hand-eye coordination, it can greatly impact their writing skills and handwriting as they use their eyes to guide, direct and control their hand movements across the page as they write letters and words. Useful videogames to improve mental agility Mental agility can be improved with different kinds of video games that also increase creativity levels among gamers. According to the article Scientist Are More Creative Than You Might Imagine (Ossola, 2014) creativity is innate in humans, but it needs to be cultivated, and is here when video games can help. Games that feature quickly moving targets that come in and out of view, include large amounts of disorder, and that requires the user to make rapid and accurate decisions. Action video games have been linked to improving attention skills, brain processing, and cognitive functions including low-level vision through high-level cognitive abilities, moreover this kind of video games are beneficial to develop creativity because they requires spontaneous actions. Video games improve students memory Memory is essential for our daily life and much more when we apply it to studies, a great memory allow us to process and keep more information. Playing video games stimulates memory Our brain as a muscle needs to be exercised to stay fit, and memory only can be enhanced by exercising it, the constantly exercising of our brain help to develop our processing capacity. Games with a little more problem solving and a few more spatially complex tasks may help train the hippocampus that is the brain area that controls the memory. How can video games be introduced in classrooms for educational purposes? We have seen that video games are useful to improve some of our brain areas but, how we can introduce those benefits to educational system? It is simple; in agreement with the video The Finland Phenomenon students need new methods to improve their performance in classrooms and throughout all their learning process. Video games can be used as a teaching material to facilitate learning among students, with funny games about different subjects, by this way they can feel involved with games but at the same time they would learn of what they are playing. In the article The Case for Disruption in Latin Americas Classrooms shows a clear example of learning through games, with the app of Duolingo Latin-American students learn different languages by gaming. Additionally brain games can be used to train students memory giving them more facilities at the time of studying; brain games are an advantageous tool to improve our memory and processing capacity. Less stress, more learning Stress is a common factor between students; it can be caused by many reasons such as too much homework with short deadlines, difficult subjects or midterms. Therefore is very common for stress to generate psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety and low self-esteem. Consequently academic stress is the cause of all these mental problems, which not allow us to use all our intellectual capacities, causing serious academic problems. If students decrease these high stress levels they would be able to give their full potential on classes. How can video can video games decrease stress levels? Playing video games can relieve stress, reduce depression, and make you feel better. Studies reveal that playing violent video games long-term make us able to adopt mental skills to handle stress, be less depressed and get less hostile during stressful tasks. This is provoked because violent games require being more patient than other kind of games. Video games are useful in cases of high rates of stress, helping gamers to have more control during stressful tasks. Conclusion Our brain like our body needs exercise to remain fit and video games are useful to train it because they potentially enhance our mental skills, giving us the possibility of be more creative at the same time that we improve our mental skills. It is vital that we continue to develop the positive potential of videogames while remaining aware of possible unintended negative effects when game content is not prosocial. At the present time, the most popular games are usually violent. Given current findings, it is reasonable to be concerned about the impact of violent games on some children and adolescents. In addition according to the video A Young Tinkerer Builds a Windmill you dont need to be a scientist or an excellent student to innovate or be creative, the only thing that you must have is the desire to succeed and learn everyday a little more. In conclusion this topic is important because can improve learning process among students in diverse forms making them more creative by stimulating different parts of their brain such as mental agility, boosting our memory and process information capacity and finally reducing stress caused by the academic pressure.

Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Essay

Mary Wollstonecraft, who was born during the age of enlightenment in the 18th century, is one of the most prominent feminists in women’s history. Her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman led her to become one of the first feminists, advocating for the rights of women. Born in a time where women’s education was neither prominent nor important, Wollstonecraft was raised with very little education. However, events in her life influenced her to begin writing, such as the way her father, Edward John Wollstonecraft treated her mother, â€Å"into a state of wearied servitude† (Kries,Steven)1. In 1792, she published Vindication on the Rights of Woman, which is one of the most prominent feminist pieces to date. This book is considered a reply to the male dominated society opinion on women’s roles in society. Wollstonecraft states that the lack or neglect in education is the main cause of female misery. Because of the lack of education, (the conduct and manner of women, in fact, evidently prove that their minds are not in a healthy state†¦.strength and usefulness are sacrificed to beauty) 2. Because education is the basis of achieving fundamental rights equal to that of men as Wollstonecraft’s describes, women in today’s modern day society should endorse the feminist movement in order to achieve the same fundamental rights as men; education of one’s potential and rights is vital in achieving self-respect and reviving ones self-image that would enable women to have a dynamic place in society akin to men. The off beam thought that beauty outweighs education is blamed on (a false system of education, gathered from the book written on this subject by men who, considering females rather a women than human creatures) 2. In order to understand t... ...en, their minds and future generations’ minds will be stimulated. Their brain will have the capacity to learn many things that range from simple puzzles to abstract thoughts. By educating both men and women equally, they will better understand the development of their children and the issues in the world that they will affect their children in the future. Works Cited 1. Kreis, Steven. Mary Wollstonecraft [Internet]. 2000. [cited 2012 April 15] Available from: http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/wollstonecraft.html 2. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman [Internet] 1792. [cited 2012 April 15] Available from: http://www.bartleby.com/144/ 3. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. The Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Conference, 1848 [Internet]. 1889. [cited 2012 April 15] Available from: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/senecafalls.asp

Doctrine of Ethos :: essays research papers fc

The Doctrine of Ethos states that music effects character and emotion of man by way of morals or ethics. It was arranged into certain scales, each with a certain characteristic. Specific scales were said to be able to inspire rage or sadness. Some were said to inspire happiness, and one was even said to weaken the mind due to its simplicity. Greek music, of which the Doctrine of Ethos specifically talked about, wasn’t just solely instrumental. Improvising, they usually incorporated lyrics and even dance. Music was studied by the Greeks on a level that would be considered excessive in our society by all but our musicologists, ethnomusicologist, music theorists, and a small minority that take their love of music to more than just an aesthetic level. In our world, a world of empiricism and skepticism, the Doctrine of Ethos may sound a bit hard to believe. It may even sound magical and mystical, but I feel that it has some deep roots in truth. Philosophers, musicians, and even th e layman have all theorized about the effect of music on the mind, body, and soul. After all, as William Congreve said in his The Mourning Bride, â€Å"Music hath charms to soothe a savage breast, to soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak.† It is difficult to show the effects of music on the individual, but it is easy to see how the individual chooses genres of music based on mood. The soldiers in Iraq, for instance, listened to a song by the band Drowning Pool titled, â€Å"Let the Bodies Hit the Floor,† over the speakers in their tanks. After listening to the song it would be easy to see that they didn’t just choose the song because they thought it pertained to their current situation. The song is loud, fast, and hard. The song fueled the soldiers. I don’t think that it made them into bloodthirsty savages, but I do think that it pumped them up with adrenaline. Walk into any random Gold’s Gym and I’m sure you will not hear classical or new age music, but instead some sort of rock. David in the Bible played music to soothe Saul. Due to David’s harp and voice Saul calmed down and fell asleep. This is present even in today’s society. After work, school, or any other long, e xhausting event, it isn’t uncommon for people to go home and put on some soothing music in order to cure them of their horrible day.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald published The Great Gatsby in 1925. The novel is in general about middle and upper class American citizens. The novel tells about their lives after World War I had ended. The setting is Long Island, New York.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In chapter one, the book introduces Tom Buchanan and his wife, Daisy. Nick, the narrator, and Tom knew each other. Nick and Tom had gone to Yale together. Nick and Daisy are distant cousins. Tom is an adulterer. During dinner, Tom receives a phone call from his mistress.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. J. T. Eckleburg is on a billboard overlooking the Valley of Ashes. Tom’s mistress is a woman named Myrtle. Myrtle is exactly the opposite of Daisy. The only reason Myrtle is with Tom is to move up into a more sophisticated class. Myrtle’s sister tells Nick that the only reason Tom and Myrtle will not marry is because Daisy is catholic. The real reasons; however, is because Myrtle is not the â€Å"arm ornament† that Daisy is. Myrtle says Daisy’s name and Tom hits her. Myrtle’s nose starts bleeding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A man named Jay Gatsby lives beside Nick. Nick does not know anything about his neighbor. Gatsby is always having parties. Finally, Gatsby invites Nick to a party. Nick thinks that Gatsby’s parties are wild and not very organized. Nick and Jordan Baker become attached at this party. Nick and Jordan hear that the host may have killed someone. They have never met Gatsby, so they do not really know what kind of person he is. Nick and Jordan hear that Gatsby was a German spy during the war. They also hear that Gatsby was in the American army during the war. Nick and Jordan begin wondering around. They go into Gatsby’s library. In the library, they meet â€Å"Owl Eyes.† â€Å"Owl Eyes† is a very strange person with glasses. He is always drunk. â€Å"Owl Eyes† can not believe Gatsby’s books are real.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Nick finally meets Gatsby, he finds out the rumors were not true. Nick learns that him and Gatsby were in the same division during the war. They were also stationed near each other. Gatsby was not at all the person Nick thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The date is now July 5, 1922. Gatsby and Nick begin to get closer. Gatsby tells Nick a little about his past. Gatsby tells Nick that his world travels were a way to forget a sad event.

Industrial Dispute Tribunal

The Industrial Dispute Tribunal was conceptualized as an established permanent body for easier access to arbitration, an alternative to industrial action, and as an avenue for economic growth through its dispute settlement and income policy potential. According to George Phillip in his book A-Z of Industrial Relations Practice at the work place â€Å"Dispute may be defined as a quarrel between a worker and an employer or between a trade union and employer or between groups of unions and employers, relating to terms and condition of employment†. Industrial relations had its roots in the industrial revolution which created the modern employment relationship by initiating free labor markets and large-scale industrial organizations with thousands of wage workers. As society wrestled with these massive economic and social changes, labor problems arose. Low wages, long working hours, monotonous and dangerous work, and abusive supervisory practices led to high employee turnover, violent strikes, and the threat of social instability. In Jamaica 1938 the frustration of the working class which had built up over the years, became explosive. A wave of industrial unrest swept the country, with workers on the waterfront, in the sugar industry, transportation sector and the government service taking industrial action. Between January and June of 1938, there were several outbreaks of disturbances, beginning with a strike by cane cutters on the Serge Island Sugar Estate in St. Thomas. Other riots included the general strikes on the Kingston waterfront on May 21st and the strike by street cleaners on May 23rd. There were also other general strikes by dock and transport workers, municipal employees, as well as food and tobacco workers. However, one of the major industrial action that took place during this time was the Frome Riot of 1938. This riot had left six dead, fifty wounded and 89 charged with rioting. Frome was the breaking point in the seething unrest island wide over pay and conditions of work and massive unemployment. It was also the start of a series of strikes, demonstrations and disturbances in which Sir Alexander Bustamante played a major role. The riots which occurred throughout this period proved to be very significant as they were the catalysts for the improvement of working conditions for the working class. This was achieved through the formation of trade unions and political parties which lobbied for increased workers’ benefits and rights which eventually led to the granting of Universal Adult Suffrage in 1944, which was the right of all adults, regardless of class, sex, race, religion, etc. to vote. With all this labour unrest taking place there became a need for some sort of regulation that would govern the working condition and treatment of workers. As a result a law was instituted that govern labour relations in Jamaica. Industrial disputes in Jamaica were now settled through the route of Arbitration, provided for under the Public Utility Undertaking and Public Services Arbitration (PUUPSA) Law and the Trade Disputes Arbitration and Enquiry Law. The PUUPSA law established that it was illegal for workers to strike or for employers to declare a lockout in connection with any trade dispute. Unless the dispute had been properly reported to the Labour Minister and the Minister had failed to act within the time specified in the law. However, there were certain deficiencies in the law. One of these was the possibility of a strike occurring where there was no industrial dispute as defined and such action would not be illegal. Another was the absence of penalties written into law for the enforcement of awards. Also the arbitrator acting under the Arbitration Act did not have the power to reinstate a worker. It was even difficult to select an arbitrator by parties and this sometimes result in a very long process. Perhaps one of the major deficiencies is that Arbitrations only took place in the essential service under the PUUPSA, and in the event where the workers were represented by a union and the grievance procedure allowed for arbitration. The workers became very discontented with the manner in which grievances were handled by Arbitrators. The Government now felt that it was necessary to have a modern and permanent State machinery to determine and settle disputes expeditiously. In 1975 the PUUPSA law was repealed and incorporated into Labour Relations and Industrial Dispute Ac that sought to correct the omissions. This Act was passed in 1975 after much discussion and debate, the Act gave strength to companion Laws, which have generally assisted in improving living standards and giving more justice to workers as active participants in the Industrial relations process in the country. Under the Labour Relations and Industrial Dispute Act an employer is required to grant bargaining rights to a trade Union which secures a simple majority of the votes of employees eligible to vote in representational ballot. The Ministry of Labour conducts the ballot provided that is it satisfied with the claimant union has made out a prima facie case of representation following a comparison of the audited list submitted by the union or its membership in the establishment with the list of employees submitted by the employer. The LRIDA provided principally for the establishment of an Industrial Disputes Tribunal (IDT) as a final arbiter of disputes; compulsory recognition and protection against discrimination in respect of union membership; recognition of trade unions; settlement of disputes in the essential services; the setting up of a Board of Enquiry; a Labour Relations Code; and vesting the Minister of Labour with authority to declare a dispute to be one which is likely to gravely endanger the national interest and give him power to have the dispute put to compulsory arbitration. The Tribunal was also established to determine and settle industrial disputes and to promote industrial harmony. The industrial Dispute Tribunal consist of a Chairman and two deputy Chairmen and not less than two members representing employers and two representing workers and such special members as may from time to time be appointed to form a Special Division of the Tribunal. The appointments of the Chairman and Deputy Chairmen must be made by the Minister after consultation with organizations representing employers and employers and workers. The Minister may increase the number of persons comprising the tribunal if work increase and its necessary. The members representing employers and workers are appointed from panels supplied to the Ministry by organization representative of employers and workers, respectively. If there is no such panel the Minister may constitute a panel as he deems fit. These are now several divisions of the tribunal. In the case of a special Division of the Tribunal to settle disputes affecting the nation interest, the Chairman is appointed by the Minister on the joint recommendation of the parties involved and the other two members are appointed, respectively on the recommendation of the employer organization and the trade union involved. Reference of disputes to the Tribunal must be made through the Minister including the determination of the entitlement of categories of person to participate in a ballot under the procedure for settlement of representational claims to the Tribunal, when other mean of settlement failed to resolve the issue in disputes. In a reference by the Minister to the Tribunal of representational dispute, it shall be lawful for the Tribunal to determine the bargaining unit in which the workers may be included. In disputes affecting the Nation Interest the Minister may make an order calling on the parties to refrain from taking or continuing any industrial action for a period of 30 days. If there is no settlement within those 30 days, the Minister shall call upon the parties to select the chairman of a special Arbitration Tribunal with the employers and workers selecting their representative, respectively, which shall sit as a special division of the Tribunal to hear the dispute. If there is no agreement on the selection of the special Tribunal, the Minister shall refer the dispute to the Tribunal. In other disputes, reference to the Tribunal will be made on request of all the parties to the dispute where the Minister is satisfies that other means of settlement provided by Collective Agreement have failed to resolve the issue in the dispute. By the amending act of 1978 and a further amendment in 1986, the minister is empowered on his own initiative to refer a dispute to the Tribunal of he consider that the dispute should be settled expeditiously and where he is satisfied that attempts were made without success to settle the dispute or if, in his opinion, all the circumstances surrounding the dispute constitute such an urgent or exceptional situation that it would be expedient to do so. The Tribunal is not empowered to hear disputes relating to the appointment removal of or disciplinary action against any person holding public office. Disputes over representational rights of government employees are also not referred to the Tribunal. The award of the Industrial Dispute Tribunal are binding, except on a point of law, and shall not be inconsistent with national interest or any enactment regulating or controlling terms and conditions of employment. An award may be made with retrospective effect form a date earlier that the date on which the dispute first arose. Thus is particular so in the case of any claim with respect to a new bargaining unit. Roles & Functions Industrial Dispute may be defined as a quarrel between a worker and an employer or between a trade union and employer or between groups of unions and employers, relating to terms and condition of employment. Where a dispute has been referred to the Tribunal and the parties reach full agreement before the tribunal begins to deal with the dispute, the parties will have to furnish the Tribunal with a copy of the signed agreement and also a letter of request to the Minister to withdraw the dispute. If both parties did not reach an agreement the IDT will therefore initiate the procedure in settling the dispute. The secretary of the IDT will advised the parties (union/individual vs. firm) that a matter with stated terms of reference has been referred to it by the Minister of Labour. The parties may be then summoned to a preliminary hearing usually on a mutually agreed date. The hearing is conducted by a panel consisting of a chairman and two other members, as well as a secretary and one or two recording steno typist. Undertakings from both parties are given to provide written briefs in a specified period. Alternatively the IDT may by letter invite the parties to submit briefs within a specified period, written briefs must be concise and accurate. In the event that either party cannot prepare a brief by the deadline date, an extension of time must be sought in writing from the IDT. When the briefs are prepared by the party the company and/ or the union may wish to be represented at the hearing by an attorney-at- law or industrial relations professional. If so, the parties must supply the representatives with all the pertinent facts to ensure accuracy of detail in preparing briefs, submission maybe elaborated verbally at the hearing. When the briefs have been submitted by both parties, the Tribunal will schedule a meeting. Opening submission from aggrieved side, usually the union will begin the hearing. Witnesses maybe summoned, documents maybe presented along with all relevant evidence submitted in support of the case. When the hearing is completed an award is handed down. Arbitrators are governed by the term of reference. The Tribunal must ensure that awards are capable of being implemented. If it is, at least two members of the panel a simple majority must sign the award in order for it to be binding; this award from the IDT is binding on all parties. If there is a disagreement among members of the panel about the terms of the award a minority report may be submitted but the members disagreeing with the award should consider whether it is appropriate to write a minority report. This may be necessary where the arbitrator feels that his reputation maybe damage or where he feels that it is essential to set out his reason. His disagreement is recorded on the award document. If all three disagree the award maybe handed down by the chairman. The chairman of the panel might also seek clarification of the award in doing this he might sit alone or with other members and invite all parties to attend the sitting. Clarification of the awards may also be provided by the panel in writing, but without out a sitting. On the contrary, the awards may be appealed in the Supreme Court if there is a breach of law, insobriety of one or all panelists; or insanity of panelists. The decision made by the Supreme Court on an appeal is binding on all parties, but there are provisions for further appeals through the judicial machinery to the Privy Council in England. An award may be retroactive but it must not precede the date when the dispute first arose. Tribunals have the function of a civil court to enforce the law but are not restricted by the rules and procedures of an ordinary court. The Industrial Dispute tribunal has the advantage of being quicker, cheaper, and more informal, have great discretionary power and can be staffed by expert in the field. On the other hand, IDT have disadvantages by being less precise than the ordinary court. All the matter arises in Industrial relations are referred to the TDT because tribunal only deals with civil law. Employee rights such as redundancy payment, discrimination, unfair dismissal and maternity leave are matters that are referred to the tribunal. Often it is the interest of both parties to resolve the situation as quickly and as cheaply as possible. To this end tribunals serve a useful purpose. The Industrial Dispute Tribunal performs its task on its own merit and as such they have the power to make awards that are binding and are deemed to be final. These awards can only be overturned on a point of law this means only where the decision of the tribunal may be in error can an appeal be made. The tribunal also has the power to summon any person before to give evidence or produce documents and records in control of that person. Another function of the tribunal is that it may also administer an oath or take an affirmation of any witness appearing before it; the tribunal may conduct it hearing in private for the purpose of hearing evidence. If industrial action is threatened or has begun and the dispute is referred to the tribunal it can order that such industrial action not take place or cease from such time. If the order is disobeyed, offenders may be prosecuted. No action may be taken against members of the tribunal in respect of action done during the course of operations. Where three of the members are selected to constitute a division of the Tribunal and the chairman is one of those members, he shall preside over that division, and where the chairman is not one of those members, a deputy chairman shall preside. In addition where three members of the Tribunal constitute a division thereof and any one of those members dies or is incapacitated after the division begins to deal with the industrial dispute in relation to which it was constituted but before it has made its award, another person shall be selected in accordance with the provisions to fill the vacancy; thereafter the proceedings of the division shall be begun de novo unless all the parties to the dispute agree in writing that those proceedings may be continued as if they had not been interrupted by reason of such death or incapacity. A division of the Tribunal may, by agreement between the chairman of the Tribunal and the parties to the dispute with which the division proposes to deal, be assisted by one or more assessors appointed by the employer or an organization representing the employer and an equal number of assessors appointed by the trade union representing the workers. Where any division of the Tribunal is being assisted by assessors and any vacancy occurs in the number of assessors, that division may, by agreement between the person presiding and the party which appointed the assessor whose place has become vacant, either act not withstanding such vacancy or permit another assessor to be appointed by that party to fill the vacancy. Any industrial action taken in contemplation or furtherance of an industrial dispute in any undertaking which provides an essential service is an unlawful industrial action unless that dispute was reported to the Minister in accordance and he failed to comply or that dispute was referred to the Tribunal for settlement and the Tribunal failed to make an award within the period specified in. The Minister may, as soon as he is satisfied that any unlawful industrial action in contemplation or furtherance of an industrial dispute in an undertaking which provides an essential service has begun, refer that dispute the Tribunal for settlement. Where an industrial dispute exists in any undertaking which provides an essential service and the Minister is satisfied that the dispute relates to the appointment of any person to a public office or to removal of, or disciplinary action taken against, any person holding or acting in a public office, the Minister shall not refer the matter of that appointment, or removal or disciplinary action to the Tribunal but shall cause to be served on the parties directions in writing requiring them to follow, in respect of that matter, the procedure provided by or under the Constitution of Jamaica.

To Discuss Whether the Classless Society Is Attainable and Sustainable in This Century

The aim of this assignment is to discuss whether the classless society is attainable and sustainable in this century. To begin the definition of concepts are given, then the origin of the classes. It then looks at how the capitalist society cannot evolve to the classless society in this century. According to Ernesto (2007:17), Classes are a large group of people who differ in their relation to the means of their role in the social economic and political organization. Their class stratus is determined by their position to the means of production. According to Ernesto (2007:17), the theory of Karl Marx depicts four stages that have societies evolved in the last centauries and from the last stage, the class struggles can hence bring the classless society. According to Friedrich (1944:25), one of his greatest debates was the issue regarding the freedom of mankind. The main determining factor for Karl Marx for a classless society and freedom is class conflict. He also asserts that Karl Marx traced the history of mankind by the ways in which the economy operated and the role of classes within the economy. Because of this, the greatest factor in the classes was determining who owns this freedom. With this in mind, Karl Marx gives us a solution to both the issues of freedom and class conflict in his critique of capitalism and theory of communism, which is the ideal society for Marx. His theory of communism is based on the â€Å"ultimate end of human history† because there will be freedom for all humankind. Ernesto (2007:18) asserts that the conflict theory looks at how certain social interactions occur through conflict. People engage in conflict everyday to gain more power than others in society. Karl Marx is known for studying the conflicts that occur between different classes. Karl Marx has introduced some radical ideas and theories to society through his writings. As the industrial revolution moved forward in society, so did the widening gap between class structures. Karl Marx studied the differences arising between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat people. According to Bellamy (2003:49), the bourgeoisies are interested mainly in developing a capitalist society, using advanced methods of production. The bourgeoisies are the capitalist who own the factories; the products made in the factories, and controlled all the trade. The Proletariats or working class people have gained nothing in society but the thrill of their own labor. The Proletariats feel that they are treated poorly by the middle class society. They receive only enough in life to survive and have no chance of achieving a higher, class status. According to Harding (1984), the bourgeoisie or middle class people in society were exploiting and degrading the Proletariat people. The Proletariats helped to improve production in society, which developed capitalism and helped it to grow faster. The Proletariats were not getting the wages they deserved for the labor that was accomplished. Capital gain was being made for the labor the working class provided, but there was still no way of improving status in society. The middle class was taking over and the rich were staying rich and the poor continued to be poor. Marx wanted the working class to stand up to the bourgeoisie and cause a class conflict. The idea was that if the working class revolted against the capitalist, it would bring about the revolution that would usher the capitalist society into a classless society. According to Holmes (2009), Karl Marx saw communism as the ideal society which was also the classless society because it is the genuine resolution of the conflict between man and man; the true resolution of the strife between existence and essence, between freedom and necessity that capitalism fosters. Holmes (2009) also alludes to how Karl Marx was also committed to the notion that theory and action go hand in hand. He dismissed earlier philosophers or thinkers because they only interpreted the world in various ways; His main idea however is to change the world. He also stated â€Å"Ideas cannot carry out anything at all. In order to carry out ideas men are needed who can exert practical force†. From Dirlik (1989:28) view of this theory, there are various reasons why the classless society cannot be attainable in this day and age. Firstly Attaining the classless society using Karl Marx's theory of communism is not possible because it failed to offer principles or guidelines of even the most general kind for how the system of communism was to be fully established. He is simply shows the stages and the classless paradise which could be attained by conflict. No procedures of conflict are also depicted for the working class to be able to come into harmony with the capitalists. It is this lack of practical guidelines that shows the theory would be doomed to fail if used in practice. Another contradiction of its failure to be attained and sustained is the fact that Karl Marx's theory stems from the social conditions existing during his lifetime. According to Theodore (2004:66), this was when the industrial revolution was hitting its stride therefore led him to making this theory. Great technological advances were being made to the modes of production. According to Theodore (2004:67), Mobility of people from class to class is hindered by who owns the means of production. Moving from a mere worker to a producer can be so costly on individuals and sometimes impossible in other instances. The people having the power increase in power while only serving their own interest. For example, if a person was working as a worker in a mine, it can sometimes be impossible even if the social conflict exists. The worker will not move from the side of the proletariat to the bourgeoisies but will simply move to a higher class within the working class. The worker is only likely to be promoted till he can even have the power to lead the organization but not own the means of production. Because of the nature of their training and the labor they offer according to their skill, they are trapped on the working class side of the capitalist society. Dirlik (1989:120) Mobility form one class to the other is also sometimes impossible because the capitalist will only have economic deals with other capitalists. One producer will interact with another producer making it impossible for the working class to even know the world of the producer. It would even be foregn to him as long as he works. If mobility was easy from the working class side to the capitalist class, then we would one day have what is called an equilibrium where everyone can freely determine their own place in the class they belong to. From Bellamy (2003:97) view, a classless society also means an environment of equity in distribution of resources. This can be impossible because equity is simply dividing all resources and power equally to all. Such an environment also entails that there is no need for political leadership or governance because everyone has the same level of political and economic power. According to Bellamy (2003:98), Karl Marx’s idea of man in the state of nature is that he is selfish and will take advantage of others for their own selfish gain. This also means power cannot equally be divided. Democracies therefore choose representatives who are empowered by the people to make state decisions because they understand that not everyone can lead at the same time. Therefore political equity is an impossible situation. According to Theodore (2004:68) equality is fairness in the distribution of resources means of production and power. It means people are treated fairly depending on their position to the means of production. From the deductions made above, Classes will still exist in a state of equality but fairness is the leading factor. The working class should not be exploited by the capitalist but their surplus value should be equivalent and proportional to their labour input. Fairness can also mean the working class can determine their own class because the means of production are not to the advantage of one class only but to everyone. The individual in an environment of equality will have the power to determine their own position in the political and economic stratus.

Aircraft Trajectory Prediction

Literature Review Aircraft Trajectory Prediction By Cameron Sheridan I. Abstract The purpose of this review is to identify and analyse work that is currently being done on aircraft trajectory prediction (ATP); particularly the approach of modern day researchers to the problematic issue of the growingly clustered airspace. The benefits of this review include the exploration of several sub-topics of the literature.Through examining the current methods towards trajectory modelling validation and the techniques that are now employed to neutralise error sources, it was found that with the modern-day approaches an algorithm and its trajectory prediction (TP) can be assessed and consequently improved upon. A number of systems pertinent to conflict are discussed and results are presented which illustrate and compare the effectiveness of heading and altitudinal resolution manoeuvres.Additionally, a number of recent developments and innovations in the field pertinent to the technologies and te chniques used are discussed, thus illustrating a clear indication of research still moving forward in this field. II. Introduction An ATP is a ‘mapping of points over a time interval [a,b] to the space R? ’ (Tastambekova et al. 2010, p. 2). Although this is correct in many senses, this explanation fails to acknowledge the intricacy and designed purpose. More accurately, a TP module has the capacity to calculate the future flight path of an aircraft given that it has been supplied with the required data, i. . the flight intent, an aircraft performance model, and finally, an estimation of the future atmospheric/environmental conditions (Swierstra and Green 2004). An aircraft trajectory is a future path of an aircraft that can be represented visually in three forms: 2D, 3D and 4D (x, y, altitude and time) with 4D the more frequently used nowadays by air traffic control (ATC) and air traffic management (ATM) due to its far more realistic representation and ease of interpret ation (Vivona et al. 2010; Poretta et al. 010; Paglione and Oaks 2009). The significance of ATP is certainly appreciated. There is support for the importance of TP and the role it plays in advanced ATM operations, especially with a growingly clustered airspace in the next decade (Lee et al. 2010; Porretta et al. 2010 and Denery et al. 2011). The most crucial function of a TP however, as viewed by Lymperopoulos and Lygeros (2010), is to supply advice to ATC. Consequently, they can then make well-informed executive judgments to ensure the safety and effectiveness of our airspace.The purpose of this study is to inform what is happening in this field through examination of both the developments within ATP and the current problems facing researchers: namely, the significant increase in air-traffic by 2025. This will be done through exploring recent literature in this field that pertains to: conflict detection and resolution; the technologies and techniques involved; and, the error source s that are involved with a prediction and their subsequent effect on the uncertainty of a prediction. III. Modelling Validation and UncertaintiesEfficiency and accuracy are two central points of this literature, which alone could be considered as the determining factors of a respectable TP model; thus, sufficient research is required to improve both, without the sacrifice of one. How does one validate the performance of an algorithm and whether its TP is ‘accurate’? The common answer it seems (Anonymous 2010 and Paglione and Oaks 2007, pp. 2) is through the degree of conformity between the measured or predicted data and the true data of an aircraft at a given time. A. Uncertainties Figure 1: Paglione and Oaks (2009) Figure 1: Paglione and Oaks (2009)Uncertainties are perhaps the biggest hurdle in further advancements in this field. Obviously, as the prediction increases in time, the uncertainties of the flight begin to take effect – up to a point where the trajec tory becomes almost impossible to predict accurately with any degree of assurance. The consequential effect of uncertainties in a prediction may result in: two or more aircrafts losing separation; an aircraft not arriving to schedule; or even, the inability to detect flaws in either the ATP algorithm or the aircraft itself, to name a few. Therefore, there is a need to lessen the ffect of these lingering burdens. In reality this is quite difficult, and as such, requires particular attention of the algorithms used by an aircraft to validate its performance. B. Modelling Validation Performance validation verifies that a TP model performs correctly, and determines the degree of accuracy of a model’s representation compared to the real system (Vivona et al. 2010 and Garcia et al. 2009). There are further ways to validate predicted data; such methods include those shown by Paglione and Oaks (2007) who looked at the associated accuracy metrics; Poretta et al. 2008) who evaluated a 4 D TP model for civil aircraft; and finally, the Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA) evaluation process of a TP (see figure 1). This practice and its application have been shown by Paglione and Oaks (2009). Inspired by the relationship of trajectory predictors to higher level applications, the authors stressed the need for improving modelling procedures through an iterative process consisting of four stages. Fredrick et al. (2009) were able to analyse ways to validate a program with their test and evaluation process.Particular focus was on a metrics approach which offers measures on the performance of an aircraft. This method may provide greater effectiveness in programs and is proclaimed to play a â€Å"critical role as a continuum of supporting activities for the TP programs† [Fredrick et al. (2009), pp. 9]. Vivona et al. (2010) also proposed a new methodology in her work which is designed for a similar purpose. The techniques used are titled ‘white box testing’ and â⠂¬Ëœtest bench testing’.The former involves knowledge of the internal processes that occur within a TP model, and through this information there will be a sequence of tests which accumulate together to validate the entire TP. The latter test is slightly different in that, as opposed to analysing current state data, it requires entering input data into an algorithm’s interface and then assessing the data that was produced as a result. Both are expected to become more commonly used in the approaching years. C. Error Sources and Corrective MeasuresJackson (2010) reiterated the ineffectiveness and poor performance of automation systems in the company of errors and uncertainty sources. This suggests, and was considered equally by Paglione and Oaks (2009) and Vivona et al. (2010) that the performance of these systems is dependent on the accuracy of the TP. Consequently, the requirement to minimise all potential error sources has particular precedence in current research. Env ironmental factors (wind, temperature, air pressure, etc. ), along with human errors and algorithmic/system imperfections are the typical causes for the uncertainty in a prediction.Further error sources such as: the measurement of aircraft state; aircraft performance models; knowledge of aircraft guidance modes and control targets; atmospheric model; and, clearance issues are all predicted to be integral to the improvement of TP modelling accuracy in the near future (Jackson 2010). Alternatively, rather than striving for a flawless system, processes such as the offline smoothing algorithm (Paielli 2011); application of the rapid update cycle (RUC) of the weather (Lee et al. 010); and techniques that take the perspective of the DST user [Interval based sampling technique (IBST)] (Paglione and Oaks 2007) have been established to improve aspects of a prediction model. The first of these has the capacity to improve the accuracy of DR predictions through the smoothing of the radar tracks (shown below). Blue dots Way-points Black full-line Actual path of aircraft Red curve Smoothing of track Blue dots Way-points Black full-line Actual path of aircraft Red curve Smoothing of trackThis was demonstrated through application of the technique on past recorded operational error cases. The usage of RUC provides ATC with the benefit of detecting ‘regional variations of uncertainty that are related to actual weather phenomena’ (Lee et al. 2010, pp. 14). The concept behind IBST is that a trajectory provided to a controller may be old and thus filled with errors and uncertainties; so, this two-step process operates by determining the accuracy of the aircraft – through computing spatial errors – after passing through pre-determined waypoints (Paglione and Oaks 2007).Additionally, given the effect of environmental factors on a prediction, there are procedures present to counter the influence of the sources. Russell (2010) presented the ‘consolidat ed storm prediction for aviation’, which is a prediction on the water content of clouds done through a grid-based prediction which may forecast predictions anywhere up to 8 hours. Results showed that this system was effective up to 2 hours as the predicted data correlated well with the observed weather within a given sector; however, as expected, when the look-ahead time increased the accuracy and reliability steadily decreased.IV. Conflict Detection and Resolution A. Conflict Detection There has been a quantity of research on CDR within this literature, particularly over the last few years (Denery et al. 2011 Erzberger et al. 2009; Tang et al. 2008 and Paielli 2008). In order to overcome the problem of ensuring air safety, technology must exist which prevents a conflict from occurring. A conflict, in an aeronautic context, as described by Paglione and Oaks (2009) is a situation where two or more aircraft exceed the minimum separation distance standards, which can be deduced through a visual TP.The purpose of CDR systems is to alarm ATC well in advance of a predicted collision occurring to allow preventative measures (Erzberger et al. 2009). Paielli (2008) believes that the key challenge in the next decade will be to establish an automated system that is capable of ensuring that the collision probability remains low, even in the face of a number of possible hindrances: i. e. the predicted increase in air traffic in future decades; the (at times) complexity of the system; frequent false alarms; and, the capability of CDR tools to advise the most appropriate manoeuvre.Three of the most highly regarded and reviewed conflict systems amongst ATC (Tang et al. 2008; Paielli 2008; Paglione and Oaks 2009; and Erzberger et al. 2009) are Tactical Separation-Assisted Flight Environment (TSAFE), Conflict Probe (CP), Conflict Alert (CA), and User Request Evaluation Tool (URET). TSAFE has two primary functions 1) conformance monitoring – a process that determin es the degree to which an aircraft is meeting its earlier prediction; and 2) trajectory synthesis – the construction of the 4D path.URET was developed to help air traffic controllers by supporting a greater number of user-preferred flight profiles, and increasing both user flexibility and system capacity. ERAM is a Federal Aviation Administration system that has been designed primarily to deal with both route requests and in flight alterations swiftly. Figure 1: Poretta et al. (2010) Figure 1: Poretta et al. (2010) Paglione and Oaks (2009) highlighted the correlation between a TP’s accuracy and a decision supports tool’s (DST) performance. They assessed a number of statistical analysis models including TP metrics (i. . horizontal and vertical) and conflict probe metrics (Along-track; Cross-track; horizontal error; and, altitude). They focus on and use these accuracy metrics to establish a ratio value. Ratio= Horizontal or vertical separationMinimum allowed separ ation distance (i. e. parameter cut off value) As this ratio increases, the likelihood of producing false and missed conflict alerts increases– while the probability of producing valid alerts decreases. In Paglione and Oaks (2009) they identified the requirement for a ‘process improvement model’ – i. . Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) – to evaluate and find possible enhancements on a studied TP system to reduce the ratio value. Investigations into false alerts and missed conflict detects have also been conducted recently by Denery et al. (2011) and Poretta et al. (2010). Processes Decisions Data that may be modified Data that may not be modified Algorithm execution flow ——- Data flow Processes Decisions Data that may be modified Data that may not be modified Algorithm execution flow ——- Data flowThe latter presented a CDR algorithm (figure 2) which shown by numerical results, is able to produce a conflict-free trajectory whilst a lso noting the aircrafts capabilities to perform all recommended resolution manoeuvres. Figure 2: Poretta et al. (2010) Figure 2: Poretta et al. (2010) Figure 3: Denery et al. (2011) Figure 3: Denery et al. (2011) Denery et al. (2011) highlighted consequent issues to the above problems – principally, the distraction of controllers and the need to constantly verify whether a concern exists or not.In reply, they proposed a new algorithm, flight-intent (FI) that takes into consideration the present status of the aircraft and all available intent data. Tests were performed with this system in comparison to two other conflict detection algorithms: dual trajectory algorithm (Dual) and dead reckoning (DR). Results (figure 3) illustrate that the FI algorithm yields considerably less false alert rates, especially when the algorithm – already incorporated with area navigation (RNAV) and a noise integrated routing system (NIR) – was paired with the integrated administratio n and control system (IAC).B. Conflict Resolution Additionally, Anonymous (2010) also noted that two of another CDR systems (conflict probe) faults – including conflict alerts – are that the technology is at times inefficient and will occasionally produce false alerts (or conversely, the lack thereof alerts). The CP’s performance is also compared to URET in tests performed by Santiago et al. (2010). Deductions that were made from this report included the possible benefits of increasing both the look-ahead time of a prediction to 25min, and the minimum horizontal parameters. Further investigation (Paielli 2008; Paielli et al. 009; and Denery et al. 2011) with TSAFE has been ongoing with the aim to develop an algorithm to perform at least as effectively as URET. Ryan et al. (2008) also looked at achieving this goal. They analysed and compared an emerging conflict resolution algorithm, ERAM, against URET in a quantity of tests and comparisons that were designed to evaluate the precision of the technology. ERAM’s accuracy and strategic conflict notification capabilities were belittled in comparison to the URET system, where ERAM only managed to obtain the minimum standard in two of the seven test categories.TSAFE is often used as a back-up strategic system that computes simple resolution manoeuvres to resolve potential conflicts that are expected to occur within two minutes (Denery et al. , 2011; Paielli et al. 2009; Alonso-Ayuso et al. 2011). TSAFE and its application during en route is the primary focus of Paielli (2011). Examined in his work was the heading-trials algorithm that he developed. This system produces a number of possible manoeuvre resolutions that change the heading of the involved aircraft in  ±10? increments up to  ±90? f the original direction of travel. The best of these manoeuvres – in terms of cost and applicability – is then measured against the best altitude manoeuvre by means of a separation ra tio (see pp. 4). His experimentation was on 100 past operational error cases where a conflict had occurred. His results (shown on table 1) illustrate the effectiveness of each manoeuvre in each particular situation. Consequently, he was able to deduce that altitudinal amendments were far more advantageous than his proposed heading algorithm. For e. g. the right most column indicates that when the separation ratio was ? 1. 2, 95% of the altitudinal amendments resulted in a successful avoidance of conflict, whilst the heading algorithm only resolved a comparably low 62% For e. g. the right most column indicates that when the separation ratio was ? 1. 2, 95% of the altitudinal amendments resulted in a successful avoidance of conflict, whilst the heading algorithm only resolved a comparably low 62% Separation ratio (? ) %| | 0. 2| 0. 4| 0. 6| 0. | 1. 0| 1. 2| No resolution| 98| 92| 74| 25| 0| 0| Heading only| 99| 95| 91| 77| 71| 62| Altitude only| 100| 100| 100| 100| 99| 95| Heading + a ltitude| 100| 100| 100| 100| 100| 98| Table 1: Paielli (2011) Table 1: Paielli (2011) Similarly, Paielli (2008) performed a comparable experiment with a restricted focus on altitude manoeuvres. His results further validated the success of such resolution procedures, particularly when augmented altitude amendments were supplemented to the input data (see table 2).The purpose of adding these amendments in his experiment was to compensate for the controllers negligence or inability to do so at the time of the conflict occurring. Note: Other tests and procedures that were tested in (Paeilli 2008) are not shown, i. e. altitude rejections; temporary altitudes; step altitudes; and, critical level-offs. Note: Other tests and procedures that were tested in (Paeilli 2008) are not shown, i. e. altitude rejections; temporary altitudes; step altitudes; and, critical level-offs. | Separation ratio (? ) %| | 0. | 0. 4| 0. 6| 0. 8| 1. 0| 1. 2| No resolution| 99| 94| 75| 29| 0| 0| Augmented altitude amendments| 100| 99| 99| 97| 94| 90| Table 2: Paeilli (2008) Table 2: Paeilli (2008) Note was made in both reports that operational error cases are by no means a precise representation of the computer-generated routine operation that occurred. Given the importance of conflict detection and resolution it is important that ample research continues in this field to ensure the safety and welfare of all air traffic. V. Techniques and Technologies A. TechnologiesCDR could not be possible if there wasn’t the appropriate equipment present today to compute the complex algorithms that are used. A 4D TP is established upon no easy means. Cate et al. (2008) articulate that it not only requires (at times) convoluted formulas, but also the technology and methodologies to then dissect and string together the state and intent data of the aircraft. The techniques and technologies currently utilised are crucial in this field. Already discussed above are a number of systems which are integral to the concept of trajectory prediction as they all serve a specific purpose.This is exemplified when looking at the conflict detection and resolution component of this literature, where there are often four stages to the process: 1) Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) which focuses on the immediate future (

Clinical Psychology Paper Essay

The great evangelist D.T. Niles once said, â€Å"Christianity is just one beggar telling another beggar where to find bread† (Niles, 2010). At its most basic level, clinical psychology is the enterprise of one educated, licensed person using his or her knowledge of human behavior to address, assuage, or otherwise moderate the troubles and concerns of another person’s life—whether they be relational, affective, or physiological. Strictly speaking, clinical psychology is, â€Å"the assessment, treatment, and understanding of psychological and behavioral problems and disorders† (Plante, 2011, p. 5). Clinical psychology is a scientific endeavor, utilizing the instrument of the scientific method to inform the practice, procedures, and treatments used to address human problems. There is an interplay that exists between treatment outcome research and psychotherapy in clinical psychology—the science informs the art and the art informs the science (Plante, 2011). The point of this paper is to catalogue and compare the history and evolving nature of clinical psychology as well as to consider the specific case of counseling within the framework of clinical psychology. History Hippocrates—the original author of the Hippocratic Oath—formed the first complete, if naà ¯ve, physiological explanation of disease and dysfunction (Plante, 2011). He proposed that imbalances in the mixture and quantity of four fluids: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood, caused several emotions and psychological maladjustment, such as sadness, irritability, and anger. It was not until the advents of Plato that it was conceived that the metaphysical realm of the soul could have an effect on the corporeal domain. However, it was to Galen that a holistic theory of medicine was formed that incorporated the physiological explanations of Hippocrates with the metaphysical explanations of Plato. Even though Galen’s ideas of bloodletting were flawed, it was a step in the direction of objective explanations of illness and disease. During the middle ages the work of Thomas Aquinas, Paracelsus, and Weyer shifted the discussion of psychology away from the metaphysical and toward physical explanations of mental illness, such as bodily causes, movements of the stars, and behavior. Furthermore, at the dawn of the Renaissance and into the nineteenth century the veil of shadow and secrecy behind the inner workings of the mind, body, and cell were ripped from his or her places and the mediums of scientific observation and laboratory investigation were instituted in the place of religion and mysticism as the sole explanation of illness. The works of Rush, Bernard, and Pinel during this period of history paved the way for more humane approaches to the abnormal and deviant—approaches that sought to alleviate psychological dysfunction rather than simply separate and restrain the dysfunctional. The birth of psychology proper came on the heels of the publishing of Wundt’s The Elements of Psychophysics in 1850 and James’ Principles of Psychology in 1890 (Plante, 2011). These publications, along with the institution of the first psychological laboratory by Wundt, culminated in the founding of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1892. The main drive behind the fledgling field of psychology was to measure empirically behavior to the end of understanding the subsidiary components of the mind itself. Hence, when clinical psychology first got on its feet four years later (1896), through the opening of the first clinic by Witmer, many psychologists frowned upon the application of the principles of human behavior to clinical situations. This was seen as a step away from a general understanding of human behavior and toward abnormal or dysfunctional psychology. Despite the initial tension between clinical psychology and mainstream psychology, the first formal classes in clinical psychology began in 1904 at the University of Pennsylvania and the first edition of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology was published in 1907. Evolving Nature Despite the disinclination of the APA to embrace an applied approach to psychology, clinical psychology grew rapidly in the beginning of the twentieth century (Plante, 2011). Going back to Plato’s contention of the metaphysical affecting the corporeal, Sigmund Freud postulated that unconscious conflict and strife could have a direct outcome on mental and physical illness. The work of Freud shaped and molded the direction of clinical psychology for many decades after his death. Even though it was not until the Boulder Conference of 1949 that the training guidelines for clinical psychology were mapped out and etched in stone, so to speak. One of the main tenets of these guidelines was that clinical psychologists should have a firm understanding of both psychological research and psychotherapy. It was not until the 1950s and on that Freud’s ideas of human psychology were exchanged for the alternatives of humanism, cognitive-behaviorism, and family systems approaches (Plante, 2011). The changes in psychological perspective were precipitated by the establishment of community mental health facilities and the introduction of psychotropic drugs as a treatment of abnormal psychology. Even though these advancements in conception and treatment offered alternatives to the traditional ideas of psychodynamics and behaviorism, no one theory of human psychology proved to explain the entirety of behavior, dysfunction, and cognition. To that end, parsimoniously eclectic approaches to psychology were adopted—such as the biopsychosocial theory—that incorporated many of the ideas and practices from the abovementioned perspectives. Current Issues The last century of clinical psychology has been characterized by an illness ideology that emphasizes the treatment or preventions of disorders (Maddux, 2008). Even though this approach has utility in the realm of psychotherapy it lacks the ability to enhance the quality of life for people who do not suffer from some type of mental illness. Maddux (2008) proposes that a shift toward positive psychology—a perspective that stresses human strengths and mental health—should be pursued. Positive psychology aims to, â€Å"†¦promote health, happiness, physical fitness, and pleasure, and personal fulfillment through the free pursuit of chosen and valued goals† (Maddux, 2008, p. 68). By shifting toward positive psychology the strengths of people can be used to promote mental health preemptively as well as combat mental illness. At the forefront of the implementation of positive psychology is the innovation of virtual reality (VR) as a means to allow patients to manipulate problematic situations related to his or her mental illness without the use of psychotherapy (Riva, 2009). By creating a safe and comfortable virtual environment patients can explore proactive ways to adapt and mediate his or her mental health problems. Research and Statistics in Clinical Counseling Psychology Rather than approach this section from a structuralist approach (e.g. the ancillary parts of clinical counseling psychology), it seems prudent to offer a specific example of how research and statistics are used and effect clinical counseling psychology. Bakar, Jaafar, Mohamed & Tarmizi (2009) sought to establish a correlation between counseling self-efficacy and trainee counselor performance. Their research found that indeed there is a positive relationship (r(100)=.312p